DSpace Collection: 2013-03
http://hdl.handle.net/2115/52321
2013-032024-03-28T23:15:05ZRebirthable Life : Narratives of Japanese organ transplantation by concerned parties
http://hdl.handle.net/2115/52326
Title: Rebirthable Life : Narratives of Japanese organ transplantation by concerned parties
Authors: YASUOKA, Keiko
Abstract: Japan’s first organ transplantation law was established in 1997 and revised in 2010,but only 191 organ transplant operations from brain-dead donors have yet been performed(data to 23 September 2012). Most recipients depend on living donors within their family unit or overseas transplants from foreign donors;as a result,organ transplantation issues are not exclusively medical problems. The objective of this study was to analyze the concepts of life held by people involved in organ transplantation in Japan. Methodologies included interview research and participant observation with concerned parties,who were mostly introduced through the Japan Transplant Recipients Organization. Ten transplant medical workers(seven transplant surgeons,two recipient coordinators and one donor coordinator),seven organ recipients and six donor families were interviewed,and participant observations were performed at related events. The data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative research methods and coding methods from the grounded theory approach,paying particular attention to objectivity,reliability and validity. The results reveal that the existence of donors is the most important issue for concerned parties,and that donors’lives can be“reborn”in both recipients’bodies and donor families’minds. Surgeons admire organ transplantation as a new medical treatment but they cannot help feeling guilty about harvesting organs,especially undertaking such procedures as removing a still-beating heart from a donor’s chest. Recipients are grateful to donors but have complex feelings about their donors’deaths and the donor families’sadness at losing family members. Donor families may have negative feelings toward recipients but find interpretations that allow them to imagine the rebirth of their family members via their living organs. Further research should inquire into the relationship between emerging medical technology and human responses in the twenty-first century.2013-02-28T15:00:00ZYASUOKA, KeikoJapan’s first organ transplantation law was established in 1997 and revised in 2010,but only 191 organ transplant operations from brain-dead donors have yet been performed(data to 23 September 2012). Most recipients depend on living donors within their family unit or overseas transplants from foreign donors;as a result,organ transplantation issues are not exclusively medical problems. The objective of this study was to analyze the concepts of life held by people involved in organ transplantation in Japan. Methodologies included interview research and participant observation with concerned parties,who were mostly introduced through the Japan Transplant Recipients Organization. Ten transplant medical workers(seven transplant surgeons,two recipient coordinators and one donor coordinator),seven organ recipients and six donor families were interviewed,and participant observations were performed at related events. The data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative research methods and coding methods from the grounded theory approach,paying particular attention to objectivity,reliability and validity. The results reveal that the existence of donors is the most important issue for concerned parties,and that donors’lives can be“reborn”in both recipients’bodies and donor families’minds. Surgeons admire organ transplantation as a new medical treatment but they cannot help feeling guilty about harvesting organs,especially undertaking such procedures as removing a still-beating heart from a donor’s chest. Recipients are grateful to donors but have complex feelings about their donors’deaths and the donor families’sadness at losing family members. Donor families may have negative feelings toward recipients but find interpretations that allow them to imagine the rebirth of their family members via their living organs. Further research should inquire into the relationship between emerging medical technology and human responses in the twenty-first century.Creating community in an ageing society : the elderly as providers of non-profit communal services
http://hdl.handle.net/2115/52325
Title: Creating community in an ageing society : the elderly as providers of non-profit communal services
Authors: MORISHITA, Yoshia
Abstract: Japan is a rapidly ageing country. The population over the age of 65 accounted for 7.1%of the total population in 1970,but increased to 14.5%in 1994,21.5%in 2007,and 23.3%in 2011,rendering the country the most aged the world over(1). For some 20 years after 1970,the elderly were altogether considered as having health-related problems,unproductive,and mere beneficiaries of various social welfare services. However,as the fact that more than 80%of the elderly have no severe health problems has come to be widely recognised,due attention has been paid to positive aspects of life of the elderly;the elderly can and do play active roles in society, particularly in the context of neighbourhood. From the perspective of community sociology,this paper discusses some of the issues and challenges related to social participation of the elderly in Sapporo. The discussions will utilise both survey and qualitative data the author has collected through official statistics and field research by means of participant observation in addition to a series of semi/un-structured interviews with neighbourhood associations and elderly participants in locality-based activities. The elderly in urban areas are generally keen to participate in society. As Japan continues ageing,it is necessary to propose ways of their social participation that can reinforce and/or be alternatives to the conventional one via the neighbourhood association. In the case of Sapporo analysed later,the elderly utilise their knowledge and skills in a non-profit and intergenerational fashion. The present paper puts forward this‘non-profit communal social participation’of the elderly as a model of community building and examines it with a view to contributing to the research in this subject area.2013-02-28T15:00:00ZMORISHITA, YoshiaJapan is a rapidly ageing country. The population over the age of 65 accounted for 7.1%of the total population in 1970,but increased to 14.5%in 1994,21.5%in 2007,and 23.3%in 2011,rendering the country the most aged the world over(1). For some 20 years after 1970,the elderly were altogether considered as having health-related problems,unproductive,and mere beneficiaries of various social welfare services. However,as the fact that more than 80%of the elderly have no severe health problems has come to be widely recognised,due attention has been paid to positive aspects of life of the elderly;the elderly can and do play active roles in society, particularly in the context of neighbourhood. From the perspective of community sociology,this paper discusses some of the issues and challenges related to social participation of the elderly in Sapporo. The discussions will utilise both survey and qualitative data the author has collected through official statistics and field research by means of participant observation in addition to a series of semi/un-structured interviews with neighbourhood associations and elderly participants in locality-based activities. The elderly in urban areas are generally keen to participate in society. As Japan continues ageing,it is necessary to propose ways of their social participation that can reinforce and/or be alternatives to the conventional one via the neighbourhood association. In the case of Sapporo analysed later,the elderly utilise their knowledge and skills in a non-profit and intergenerational fashion. The present paper puts forward this‘non-profit communal social participation’of the elderly as a model of community building and examines it with a view to contributing to the research in this subject area.Chronology and Age Determination of Pottery from the Southern Kamchatka and Northern Kuril Islands,Russi
http://hdl.handle.net/2115/52324
Title: Chronology and Age Determination of Pottery from the Southern Kamchatka and Northern Kuril Islands,Russi
Authors: TAKASE, Katsunori
Abstract: This study aims to establish a chronological system of pottery with inner lugs,known as Naiji pottery,which is found in the southern Kamchatka Peninsula and the Northern Kuril Islands. Through examination of the typology,Naiji pottery can be divided into four subtypes: types Ia,Ib,II and III. Radiocarbon dating using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry(AMS) demonstrates that type Ia should be dated from the second half of the 15 th century to the first half of the 17 th century,and that date of type II falls after the second half of the 17 th century. Although there is still no radiocarbon date for it,type Ib likely can be assigned to the 17 th century because it is an intermediate type between types Ia and II. Type III is the last phase of this pottery that is influenced by the Russian iron pan,suggesting that its date belongs to a period during the latter half of the 18 th century to the beginning of the 19 th century. The occurrence and distribution of this pottery indicate that the mid-15 th century and mid-17 th century are significant epochs of human activity in this region.2013-02-28T15:00:00ZTAKASE, KatsunoriThis study aims to establish a chronological system of pottery with inner lugs,known as Naiji pottery,which is found in the southern Kamchatka Peninsula and the Northern Kuril Islands. Through examination of the typology,Naiji pottery can be divided into four subtypes: types Ia,Ib,II and III. Radiocarbon dating using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry(AMS) demonstrates that type Ia should be dated from the second half of the 15 th century to the first half of the 17 th century,and that date of type II falls after the second half of the 17 th century. Although there is still no radiocarbon date for it,type Ib likely can be assigned to the 17 th century because it is an intermediate type between types Ia and II. Type III is the last phase of this pottery that is influenced by the Russian iron pan,suggesting that its date belongs to a period during the latter half of the 18 th century to the beginning of the 19 th century. The occurrence and distribution of this pottery indicate that the mid-15 th century and mid-17 th century are significant epochs of human activity in this region.Chinese character glyphs as concrete textual examples vs. dictionary data
http://hdl.handle.net/2115/52323
Title: Chinese character glyphs as concrete textual examples vs. dictionary data
Authors: IKEDA, Shōju
Abstract: The Hanzi Normative Glyphs Database (HNG) made it possible to document the orthographic standard of concrete examples used in printed and handwritten texts in different time periods and geographical regions. Based on this, this paper examines, taking the character 寂 and its variants as a case study, the relationship between character data recorded in dictionaries and concrete textual examples, and while making a distinction between the date of a dictionary’s compilation and its copying, draws attention to the significance of studying orthography.2013-02-28T15:00:00ZIKEDA, ShōjuThe Hanzi Normative Glyphs Database (HNG) made it possible to document the orthographic standard of concrete examples used in printed and handwritten texts in different time periods and geographical regions. Based on this, this paper examines, taking the character 寂 and its variants as a case study, the relationship between character data recorded in dictionaries and concrete textual examples, and while making a distinction between the date of a dictionary’s compilation and its copying, draws attention to the significance of studying orthography.Compatibility between constructions : What“non-prototypical”complex constructions reveal
http://hdl.handle.net/2115/52322
Title: Compatibility between constructions : What“non-prototypical”complex constructions reveal
Authors: TAKAHASHI, Hidemitsu
Abstract: This paper aims to develop the theory of Construction Grammar by exploring the issue of compatibility between constructions. Goldberg(2006:10,21-22)maintains that an actual expression is typically analyzable as the amalgam of several distinct constructions,predicting that non-conflicts between constructions will result in actual felicitous expressions but unsolved conflicts judgments of infelicity(ibid:21-22). The present paper discusses the following related issues:(i)the nature of conflicts between constructions;(ii)the mechanisms of“conflict solving”; and(iii)what other consequences(besides felicity/infelicity)do non-conflicts/conflicts between constructions have? The paper identifies four distinct major patterns of compatibility statuses―complete compatibility, partial compatibility,serious incompatibility and absolute incompatibility,respectively. Basing itself on a survey of both constructed and natural data of several different types of mixed imperative constructions,the paper makes the following claims. First,the complete compatibility between constructions results in felicity and may result in high frequency of use as well(e.g. the imperative in the active voice). Second,partial compatibility leads to felicity but with low frequency of use(e.g.the imperative with the progressive verb). Third,serious incompatibility yields either infelicity or felicity with low frequency of use(e.g.the imperative in the passive voice or the imperative in the subordinate clause). Finally,absolute incompatibility results in infelicity( e.g.Topicalization with imperatives with overt subjects). The mechanisms of cross-constructional conflicts within mixed imperative constructions as well as their solutions are demonstrated to involve multiple cognitive conceptions/operations ―included are the core vs.peripheral portions of semantic structure,adherence to(or departure from)prototypes and conflicts between irreconcilable semantic roles as well as those between rhetorical vs.non-rhetorical interpretations,among others.2013-02-28T15:00:00ZTAKAHASHI, HidemitsuThis paper aims to develop the theory of Construction Grammar by exploring the issue of compatibility between constructions. Goldberg(2006:10,21-22)maintains that an actual expression is typically analyzable as the amalgam of several distinct constructions,predicting that non-conflicts between constructions will result in actual felicitous expressions but unsolved conflicts judgments of infelicity(ibid:21-22). The present paper discusses the following related issues:(i)the nature of conflicts between constructions;(ii)the mechanisms of“conflict solving”; and(iii)what other consequences(besides felicity/infelicity)do non-conflicts/conflicts between constructions have? The paper identifies four distinct major patterns of compatibility statuses―complete compatibility, partial compatibility,serious incompatibility and absolute incompatibility,respectively. Basing itself on a survey of both constructed and natural data of several different types of mixed imperative constructions,the paper makes the following claims. First,the complete compatibility between constructions results in felicity and may result in high frequency of use as well(e.g. the imperative in the active voice). Second,partial compatibility leads to felicity but with low frequency of use(e.g.the imperative with the progressive verb). Third,serious incompatibility yields either infelicity or felicity with low frequency of use(e.g.the imperative in the passive voice or the imperative in the subordinate clause). Finally,absolute incompatibility results in infelicity( e.g.Topicalization with imperatives with overt subjects). The mechanisms of cross-constructional conflicts within mixed imperative constructions as well as their solutions are demonstrated to involve multiple cognitive conceptions/operations ―included are the core vs.peripheral portions of semantic structure,adherence to(or departure from)prototypes and conflicts between irreconcilable semantic roles as well as those between rhetorical vs.non-rhetorical interpretations,among others.