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Due to its aging population, Japan has been experiencing the negative effects of a shrinking workforce. Relaxing immigration policies and increasing the number of foreign workers has been suggested to help alleviate the workforce problem. This paper explores the circumstances under which the Japanese public is likely to hold favorable attitudes toward open immigration. Using intergroup contact and group threat theories, we determine that there is a conditional relationship between the frequency of contact with foreigners and the number of foreigners in a region on attitudes toward immigration. As the size of the foreign population increases, frequency of contact with foreign workers no longer has a mediating effect on immigration attitudes, and support for more open immigration policies decreases.

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Drawing on examples from the linguistically-diverse Himalayan region, in this contribution we explore three main questions. First, we ask how language boundaries both contribute to and defy the imagination of the nation-state. Second, we investigate how such boundaries are transcended and become redefined through increased mobility and technological innovation. And third, we examine what it means for languages to become detached from the landscapes in which they were traditionally situated and historically spoken. Unfixed and unfixable, languages resist the limitations and constraints of nation-states—both colonial and contemporary-that strive to delineate their boundaries along "clear" and often monolingual lines. In the Himalayan region in particular, plural linguistic identities challenge reductive national logics that seek to bind or appropriate languages for hegemonic and ideological goals. Not only are national borders decreasingly relevant for the maintenance and transmission of languages, but the global dispersal of people and the languages they speak, sign and write are combining with accessible digital media to transform internally-maintained language borders as well.

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This paper aims at reconsidering the history of Karafuto (the southern part of Sakhalin Island under Japanese rule) from the viewpoint of border studies. I will review the history of Karafuto (1905-1945) as a border island of the Empire of Japan in comparison to another Japanese border island, Okinawa. This historical research allows us to develop some characteristics which define border islands. Firstly, border islands were always in an unstable situation: they could be incorporated into or excluded from the homeland, depending on the wishes of the central government. Secondly, border islands needed close co-operation with large corporations from the economic core of the homeland during the process of internalization and colonization. Thirdly, political internalization and economic colonization of border islands could be inconsistent. Paradoxically, it is because they were politically incorporated into the homeland that border islands could be de-bordered and economically excluded from the homeland market.

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For the northeast Asian indigenous people today known as Nanai in Russia and Hezhe in China, the inter-state border which has long divided them remains a key referent in discourses of local identity. Yet this paper suggests that for all the discussion of the Nanai/Hezhe as a “cross-border” minority, the border between them is in fact sustained by the paradoxical fact that many pay little attention to it. Through examining the life stories of arguably the most famous Nanai and Hezhe . singers and actors named Kola Beldy and Han Geng . the Russia-China border is revealed not only as a firm and strictlypoliced line in physical space, but also as a gap between worlds of possibility and projected aspiration. Beldy and Han’s cases show that many borderland dwellers live with their backs to the border, subtly reinforcing the inter-state divide in everyday ways at least as powerful as official sovereignty regimes.

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This paper examines the territorial dispute between Tonga and Fiji over Minerva Reef . an atoll located in the Pacific Ocean to the south of both countries. The dispute escalated in mid-2011 when Fiji destroyed navigational beacons erected by Tonga on the reef. This paper traces the history of the dispute and explores the positions of Tonga, Fiji and other parties on the question of who owns Minerva. The paper argues that in order to understand the dynamics of the dispute, it is vital to take into account the indigenous histories of both Tonga and Fiji. These must be considered alongside the rise of British influence in the Pacific in the late nineteenth century, various developments in the United States and, finally, the adoption of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in the 1970s. All of these factors, the paper argues, contributed to shifts in indigenous understandings of ocean boundaries and affected the parties’ positions in the dispute.

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The article maps model(s) of cross-border cooperation in Europe by investigating the INTERREG program as a source of data to evaluate the intensity of collaboration and agency in the area. The authors view cross-border cooperation as an instrument for overcoming economic underdevelopment, often in the context of (a)symmetries. They also use a geopolitical approach to interpret their findings, despite the fact that these are local and regional relationships and are sometimes considered outside the regular purview of geopolitics. Qualitative and quantitative investigation of four internal borders in the European Union leads to several conclusions. First, the INTERREG program is the main instrument and source of funding for stimulating cross-border cooperation within the European Union. Second, when similar types of European cross-border projects are investigated, most of them reveal a concentration of project leaders and project partners on only one side of the border. This can be explained with administrative models revealing structural asymmetries as well as the rural/urban nature of the territorial units, uncovering an imbalance in potential on both sides of the border.

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This study focuses on the Chinese-Lenin School (also the acronym CLS) and how the Soviet state used the CLS and other tertiary institutions in the Russian Far East to recruit East Asians into Soviet intelligence during the 1920s to the end of 1945. Typically, the Chinese and Korean intelligence agents of the USSR are presented with very few details with very little information on their lives, motivations and beliefs. This article will attempt to bridge some of this “blank spot” and will cover the biographies of several East Asians in the Soviet intelligence services, their raison d’etre, their world view(s) and motivations. The basis for this new study is fieldwork, interviews and photographs collected and conducted in Central Asia with the surviving relatives of six East Asian former Soviet intelligence officers. The book, Chinese Diaspora in Vladivostok, Second Edition [Kitaiskaia diaspora vo Vladivostoke, 2-е izdanie] which was written in Russian by two local historians from the Russian Far East also plays a major role in this study’s depth, revelations and conclusions.

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This paper analyzes the trajectories of movement of Koreans in the former Soviet Union and their new diasporic spaces in migration destinations. While their residence was restricted to certain areas in Central Asia and Sakhalin during the Soviet era, the relaxation of residence restrictions in the late 1980s allowed them to look for new opportunities far away from their places of residence. Emphasizing the diversity of Korean communities in the post-Soviet space, this paper examines their perception of homeland and focuses on two projects aimed at reviving the sense of ancestral homeland, one in the Russian Far East, and the other in the Republic of Korea.

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Examining the logic and depth of India-Taiwan ties, this article provides an analysis of the context in which they operate and asks whether the two sides can develop bilateral relations as a hedging bet against China with which they seem to have common strategic and security concerns. The article is exploratory in nature and argues that while India might like to reserve the so-called Taiwan Card as an extreme option, India’s “Taiwan Card” and Taiwan’s “India Card” . if they were to play any such cards . are unviable in the present scheme of their bilateral relations, their separate relations with China, the regional strategic situation and Taiwan’s domestic politics. This article places the limitations in a historical context and argues that the history that has defined the present India-Taiwan people-topeople relations, lives on. It concludes that while it is unlikely that their bilateral ties will be able to move beyond China’s shadow in the strategic context, there is immense scope for transforming the hitherto ad hoc nature of the ties to a self-defined people-to-people relationship, which does not rest on approval or disapproval from China. The hypothesis is that the structural and domestic dynamics currently shaping the bilateral ties appear to be in sync and conducive for strengthening the ties.a rare occurrence in the history of their relations.

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Since 2000 there has been a significant increase in the number of women migrating to South Korea. This is part of a global trend towards the feminization of migration. International marriages are currently one of the most important forms of permanent migration to Korea. However, some international marriages are coerced, exploitative and involve the trafficking of women. Engaging with theory on migration, this paper examines the dynamics of international marriages in Korea. I argue that a focus on migrants’ agency should not obscure the constraints facing many women. Based on interviews with women in international marriages, the paper examines some of the legal restrictions on the women and considers ways to improve their situation.

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Based on ethnographic research developed in the city of Tabatinga, on the tri-border between Brazil, Peru and Colombia, this article seeks to set forth the theoretical and methodological elements for an anthropological understanding of government on the border, which takes into consideration gender relationships and regulations. Understanding that relationships between gender and the border/frontier cannot be seen in a static, causal way, or only through macro analyses, we argue that frontier and borderland production processes are chiefly defined by normative gender regimes, which effectively actualise certain gender logics on border territories. At the same time, these intersect with logics of ethnic, national, regional background and socioeconomic position. This article is the result of over five years of ethnographic, educational and anthropological research, and of participation in the public and political arena of gender and sexualities in the city and the borderland region.

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The twenty-first century humanitarian crisis at the U.S.-Mexican border is fueled by U.S. international and domestic policies. As the human race evolves and crises emerge, we can look to the past for answers. Jane Addams, a great feminist thinker and American Pragmatist, faced many of the same basic issues and found ways to improve the human condition. This manuscript conducts a content analysis of the performance and accountability reports of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection to view the language used by the agency in the management and security of the border. It provides an alternative perspective regarding security management and argues that in order to advance socially, policy makers, business leaders, and civil society need to reinsert the praxis of American pragmatism back into their processes.

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What difference do borderlands make for people’s everyday lives, safety, and freedom? This question is best answered with a gendered approach, that is, one that differentiates the experiences of women and men. In borderlands, people deal with opportunities, burdens, and ambiguities that come from the different policies imposed from capital-city decision-makers in two or more nation-states. This paper will explore gender issues in borderlands, but then move to analyze several legal cases involving internal anal and vaginal body cavity searches by U.S. border police, also known as the Border Patrol (and its sister agency, within the Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection (CBP)). The paper draws on documentation from legal cases and official complaints.a heretofore underexplored source in border studies. for selective women border crossers who experienced, we argue, an invasion into the privacy of their bodies. In stronger terms, one could argue that the practices became a form of unjustifiable state-instigated sexual assault.

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The aim of this paper is to examine whether we can find signs of sociolinguistic transition in the case of the German-Polish border, and if yes, what kind of transition. It discusses aspects of transition at the border region from the viewpoint of the linguistic landscape. First, the significance of language for border studies is discussed. Second, the linguistic landscape approach is introduced as the means to focus on the visibility of a certain language, more precisely its graphic representation, in a given place. Third, an attempt is made to characterize the German-Polish border from a sociolinguistic point of view. Then we have a closer look at the current state of the linguistic landscape at the German-Polish border. The paper concludes that the question “Transition or not?” could be answered as “transition and not.” On the one hand, linguistic de-territorialization has led to increased permeability and liminality, although in an asymmetrical manner. On the other hand, this tendency has not yet surpassed the durability of territoriality, and a border demarking distinct language territories still endores. Time will tell whether the process of transition will continue.

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The objective of this paper is to use the theoretical approach of B/ORDERS IN MOTION to analyze and understand the German-Polish border region from the period of systemic transformation to EU integration. The notions of durability, permeability and liminality serve perfectly as a conceptual prism to investigate this border region in motion. Following this concept, we can recognize three border regimes involving processes of demarcation (durability), overcoming (permeability) and creation of border zones (liminality) in the brief history of the German-Polish border.

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The Danish-German border region of Schleswig has evolved from a troubled past with military conflicts to an open border within the EU. Politicians and researchers have developed a narrative of successful accommodation of national and cultural diversity through constructive policies of minority inclusion. This article analyses the struggles of local stakeholders to exploit this narrative to achieve sustainable cooperation and economic growth against the background of contemporary EU cohesion policies in border regions. It demonstrates the dilemma of systemic differences inhibiting sustainable integration of cross-border public services. In addition, it examines the limitations of cross-cultural communication and the vulnerability of cross-border social practices faced by rebordering measures initiated by central governments and national security discourses.

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The aim of this article is to examine the transformation of border security practices from the perspective of critical border studies. Contrary to the conventional image of borders, both the quantitative and qualitative transformation of borders has become apparent in the global war on terror, signifying a reconfiguration of sovereign power via technology and characterized by the emerging role for privatization in border security. The main question raised by this article is to what extent do new forms of border security practices create new opportunities and possibilities for state regulation over border control, given the way in which the private sector has become embedded in border security. How can we characterize the changing nature of state sovereignty and the democratic accountability of state authorities? Stated differently, what does the privatization of border security imply for the relationship between the state and private corporations?

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This article is theoretical in focus, contrasting a legalized citizenship of membership (the citizenship regime) with an alternative-citizenship of belonging (“borderdom”). The article will discuss the broader issues of cultural politics, which I argue transcend both the U.S.-Mexico borderlands and the citizenship regime. As such, we should confront and cross borders, as we seek to deconstruct them through the creative means that seek to redefine place and space against oppressive contexts, as a new discourse – a “borderdom” – is itself a utilized and evolving new culture. Beyond the citizenship regime, the article will examine cultural politics in the U.S.- Mexico borderlands and the people who challenge established notions of citizenship in their everyday activities. The goal is to show how attitudes, cultures, and identities, while diverse and varied, may exhibit an alternativecitizenship. I utilize cultural citizenship and cultural politics theories and approaches to illustrate, accept, and celebrate difference, instead of assimilation. The cultural approaches may also help us find alternative methods for political empowerment.

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The phenomena of migration and trafficking in persons are inextricably linked in Mexico. Restrictive border policies and inadequate anti-trafficking legislation increase the vulnerability of migrants to exploitation and trafficking. Migrant women constitute a highly vulnerable group facing increasing risks of not only trafficking, but of re-victimization. The Southern Border Plan (Plan Frontera Sur), implemented by the Government of Mexico in July 2014, has increased the vulnerability to trafficking of migrants, and in particular of women. The Plan has resulted in a sharp increase in deportations from Mexico. Migrants and smugglers have been pushed to find new and more dangerous routes to evade the new checkpoints and increased militarization along Mexico’s southern border. This paper explores the effects that Mexico’s anti-trafficking legislation and the Southern Border Plan has had on the vulnerability of women to trafficking and re-victimization, particularly in the realm of forced sexual servitude. The last sentence of the paragraph should be instead like this: The research is based on 47 interviews conducted along Mexico’s southern border and in Cancún, Quintana Roo.

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The paper focuses on the Russia-U.S. cross-border area that lies in the Bering Sea region. Employing the concept of geographical proximity, I argue that the U.S.-Russian proximity works in a limited number of cases and for relatively few kinds of actors, such as companies supplying Chukotka with American goods, border guards conducting rescue operations, organizers of environmental projects and cruise tours, and aboriginal communities. The impressive territorial proximity between Asia and North America induces ambitious and sometimes widely advertised official and public desires of conquering the spatial divide, promoted by extreme travellers and planners of transcontinental tunnel or bridge projects. At the same time, cooperation is seriously hindered by limited economic potential of the Russian North-East, weakness of transportation networks, harsh climate, and pervasive alarmist sentiments on the Russian side of the border.

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This article examines Turkey’s border security after the outbreak of the Syrian civil war from the viewpoint of the concept of the insulator state. First, it aims to explore Turkey’s border security policies with regard to the Syrian civil war. Turkey’s attempts to overcome and solve the difficulties rooted of Syrian civil war have been vital to its own border security in recent years. Second purpose is to rethink the concept of the insulator state. This article attempts to sophisticate the concept of the insulator state, and applies it to the case of Turkey. In conclusion, this paper clarifies the change in the meaning of Turkey’s border control policies.

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This paper shall examine the process of borderization that has been proclaimed as occurring along the Georgian-South Ossetian boundary. This boundary is one that remains largely unrecognized, as the claims of the Georgian state to sovereignty over South Ossetia are accepted by the majority of the international community. The crucial exception to this is Russia, under whose aegis this process of borderization is occurring. The result is the creation of a physical barrier around the territory of South Ossetia, one that seeks to materialize what was previously an administrative fiction on the ground, halting the movement of people and goods across this border and dividing people from their livelihoods. The paper shall consider what meaning this fencing has within the context of Georgia’s borders, and reflect upon the larger lessons that can be drawn for the concept of sovereignty and the status of borders in the contemporary world.

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In early 2015, the newly-established Center for Asia-Pacific Future Studies of Kyushu University hosted its first international symposium at the Solaria Nishitetsu Hotel in Fukuoka, Japan. Bringing together over 30 researchers from 10 countries, it offered a reflection of the ambitious research program that the Center will seek to develop over the coming years.

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This article explores the economic relations of China and Russia in the Far East and Central Asia since 2012, and after Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin took office. It provides an overview of the process and evolution of economic cooperation of the two countries and summarizes the major achievements and problems to date. It analyzes Russia’s “Turn to the East” policy, and the impact of the Ukraine crisis on Sino-Russia economic relations in general. The paper also investigates the relationship of China’s Silk Road Economic Belt and the Russia-dominated Eurasian Economic Union.

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This paper examines the contemporary border between Ukraine and Russia as a case study of Russia’s approach to its borders. Two research questions are addressed: Firstly, what does the annexation of Crimea by Russia as well as its attempts to further undermine Ukraine’s territorial integrity in its eastern region of Donbas say about Russia’s peculiar approach to Ukraine and its borders? Secondly Whether and To what extent does Russia’s approach represent a broader pattern of Russia’s policy towards its borders? This paper is divided into three parts: the first part gives a brief account of the modern history of the Russian-Ukrainian border; the second part focuses on peculiar Russian approaches to Ukraine revealed during the current Russian-Ukrainian crisis; the third part puts “the Ukrainian case” into broader conceptual frameworks. This paper concludes that Russia’s recognition of the territorial integrity and the borders of the post-Soviet states is conditional and depends mainly on their participation in Russia-led integration projects.

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This article examines the Tajik-Chinese border settlement and Tajik debates over it, both of which have yet to be extensively examined by either domestic or foreign scholarship. The long-standing territorial dispute between China and Tajikistan in the remote Pamir Mountains finally came to an end in January of 2011 with the ratification of the Tajik-Chinese Border Demarcation Protocol. Although the peaceful border settlement has laid the foundations for friendship between the two neighbours, Tajik attitudes varied significantly among different interest groups, ranging from overt opposition to overt support of the demarcation protocol.

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This article discusses the opportunities to develop the northern region of Mexico as a medical destination. Global competitiveness is emerging in health care while advances in science and technology allow almost any patient to travel abroad for treatment. Today, more and more individuals from developed countries, with the financial capacity to cover all expenses, consider overseas travel to developing countries for health care. The aim of this study is to examine what kind of medical services and entertainment encourage visitors to select a particular medical destination.

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The objective of this paper is to shed light on autonomy structures in Greenland and the processes that alter them. The paper will utilize “autonomy in external relations” and “autonomy in internal relations” as tools in a new analytical framework that replaces autonomism, which is traditionally conceived in terms of integration and separation between the center and the periphery. To achieve the above objective, I will consider the relationship between resource development and autonomy, specifically trends in Greenland and changes in the policies of the Greenland Self-Rule Government, as it attempts to enhance its autonomy by attracting foreign investment and obtaining greates financial benefits from natural resources such as ore and oil.

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Variation in post-Soviet Russia’s borderland policies challenges empirical findings in International Relations that associate militarized territorial revisionism with economic and demographic incentives and the absence of border settlements. This study offers additional insights from game theory. First, iterated Prisoners’ Dilemma tournaments imply that state territorial value is interactive – i.e., dependent on interaction frequency across groups of states. Second, the collective action logic shows how a revisionist state may discount international constraints by engaging in “corporate raiding” of a status quo powers coalition. Finally, the minimal winning coalitions theory explains why military power may be restricted to producing controlled borderlessness to influence neighbors without territory holding costs. A model integrating these insights and a case study of Russia’s border policies with Georgia and Azerbaijan suggests that the interactive dynamic between the EU and the Eurasian Union could be decisive in shaping and reshaping Eurasia’s interstate borders over the coming decade.

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The National Ainu Museum (NAM), a core facility of “Upopoy” or National Ainu Museum and Park, opened in Shiraoi, Hokkaido on 21 July 2020. From the time of the establishment of the Preparatory Office for the museum, we considered whether it would be possible to create a museum as a forum. Since its opening, NAM has received various criticisms and been subject to a variety of opinions. The main criticisms include the lack of exhibits concerning the “negative history” of the Ainu, and the subjectivity of the museum. There were also many slanderous and discriminatory remarks against Upopoy and NAM on Social Networking Services (SNS). To address this issue, NAM has set up a “Frequently Asked Questions” section on its website. The museum has also made active attempts to transmit information and opinions concerning its exhibits. The information presented here is information that cannot be covered by the exhibits alone. It can be divided into two points. The first concerns the history and culture of the Ainu people, and the second concerns the characteristics of the museum and the history of its establishment. This article mainly discusses the second. Behind these active attempts lies the special nature of NAM compared to other museums. It can be argued that some of the exhibits in the museum are misunderstood because the special nature of the National Ainu Museum has not been fully communicated. Therefore, in order for the museum to become a “museum as a forum”, it is necessary to show such peculiarities in the exhibition space in order to share its nature with visitors. Based on the contents of the “Frequently Asked Questions” section, the author, as a representative of the museum, posited two themes for discussion: the history of the opening of NAM and the nature of NAM. NAM made several efforts to help visitors understand the nature and philosophy behind the establishment of the museum. Furthermore, in addition to the permanent exhibition, an entrance lobby exhibition called “National Ainu Museum 2020” was held on the first floor of the museum. This exhibition introduced the history of the establishment of NAM and the history of Lake Poroto, where the museum is located. Through the “National Ainu Museum 2020” exhibition, we were able to show the historical process leading up to the establishment of the museum. However, due to the limited exhibition space available, there was little room for detailed commentary about the exhibition. Therefore, the connection between historical events could only be understood from the chronological table provided. Another issue is that the exhibition was only about history, so it does not display the nature and characteristics of the museum, which is still a challenge for NAM that lies ahead of us.

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In 2020, the National Ainu Museum (NAM) was established in UPOPOY, namely the “Symbolic Space for Ethnic Harmony” in Shiraoi, Hokkaido. The special character of its exhibitions is indigenous narrative by making “We as the Ainu” the subjects of its exhibition descriptions. The NAM attached importance to the concept that the Ainu themselves, not the national government or the researchers, introduce their own cultures to the visitors, and respected the involvement of the Ainu in the creation of exhibitions, according to an interview with the director of NAM. However, there are various criticisms of NAM. One of them is that NAM did not respect the Ainu’s proactive participation in developing its exhibitions. This article addresses how such perception gap occurs by comparing collaboration with indigenous peoples in the cases of NAM and the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI). This examination contributes to seeking better collaborative exhibitions with indigenous peoples. This article reveals that although NAM learned the indigenous narrative for their exhibitions from MAI, how these museums collaborated with indigenous peoples is different. NMAI collaborated with indigenous curators who were appointed by the indigenous communities themselves. Indigenous peoples welcomed such collaborations as “shared authority”, or even as the effective implementation of their “cultural sovereignty”. While their exhibitions were, however, not free from criticisms, NMAI overcame these criticisms by creating a new exhibition with indigenous community curators. On the other hand, NAM collaborated mainly with Ainu people who were considered professional in the Ainu languages or cultures. The members of the Working Group for NAM’s exhibitions were appointed by the Japanese government or the preparation committee of NAM, not by the indigenous communities themselves. Some Ainu people who were excluded from this collaboration process have criticized the way NAM’s exhibitions were created. They might consider that the collaboration with indigenous community curators just like NMAI did is more desirable. This is how the abovementioned perception gap occurred. As long as NAM uses the indigenous narrative by making “We as the Ainu” subjects of their exhibition descriptions, Ainu participation in developing its exhibitions is indispensable. The necessity for Ainu participation was consistently recognized through the establishment process of NAM. In addition, the number of Ainu experts in their languages and cultures is limited. Against these backgrounds, this author argues that the option of collaboration with indigenous community curators will become more important for NAM. However, realizing collaboration with indigenous community curators requires that many difficulties be overcome. NAM and Ainu must confront existing problems, such as the lack of a nation-wide representative organization of Ainu, and the diversity of views among Ainu, more seriously. It should also be noted that such a collaboration will not prevent criticisms against its achievements, that is, their exhibitions. Ultimately, how to collaborate with indigenous peoples depends on how to consider the role of museums. When it comes to NAM, the problem is how to consider the role of the museum which was established in the “Symbolic Space for Ethnic Harmony”. Different groups see it as a sightseeing facility, an enlightenment facility, a facility for preserving and developing Ainu culture, or even as a facility for realizing the right to self-determination of the Ainu. This issue requires further discussion among the concerned parties, thus the author does not give an immediate answer to this. In the establishment process of NAM, it was emphasized that “by creating better conditions for the Ainu people to proactively participate in museum activities, NAM will develop its exhibitions through dialogue and interaction with them”. The author will continue to bring into focus how NAM addresses various criticisms by some Ainu people and how it develops its exhibitions. The author believes that NAM could learn more from NMAI’s collaboration experience with indigenous community curators to make its exhibitions better.

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On July 12, 2020, the National Ainu Museum and Park or “The Symbolic Space for Ethnic Harmony “Upopoy,” opened in Shiraoi, Hokkaido. Following the adoption of the resolution by the Japanese Parliament in 2008, calling for the Ainu people to be recognized as an indigenous people in Japan, the Advisory Panel on Ainu Policy positioned the establishment and promotion of Upopoy as the linchpin of Japan’s Ainu policy. Upopoy was to play the following roles: research and exhibition of Ainu history and culture (National Ainu Museum), revival and transmission of Ainu culture and human resource development (National Ainu Park or “National Ethnic Harmony Park”), and storage and memorialization of Ainu bones excavated and collected by universities in the past (Memorial Site). Before and after the opening of Upopoy, various people have evaluated the role of the museum and the contents of its exhibitions from various perspectives. However, it is probably not wellknown what kind of philosophy the Upopoy have in conducting research, exhibitions, and cultural transmission activities. Therefore, this special issue, entitled “Upopoy Studies or Studies in Upopoy,” aims to elaborate on the philosophy and logic of the exhibitions and activities inherent in Upopoy, which have not been widely reported by the Japanese media. We asked researchers of Upopoy (Shinichi Tateishi, Sakurako Koresawa and Mark Winchester) and an outside researcher, who has done researches on Upopoy after its opening from the perspective of indigineous people's rights (Yuko Osakada), to contribute to this special issue. To know the studies in Upopoy leads us to study the Upopoy itself. In addition, I decided to ask residents in Shiraoi with Ainu roots (Yoshinori Futamata, Naomi Tamura and Kenyu Yamamaru) to write a column, entitled “Upopoy for Shiraoi,” in which they would give their honest opinions about what they expect from Upopoy in the future.

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This article focuses on the Japan International Border Studies Network (JIBSN), which entered the 11th year on its existence on November 27, 2021. Article 2 of the JIBSN byelaws states, "The focus of this organisation’s research is on border affairs between Japan and other countries along with adjacent regions (hereinafter “the borders”). The goal is to advance our current understanding in this field of study via conducting relevant border research, exchanging expertise and appropriately dealing with various challenges faced in these regions. The organisation also promotes new social contributions through networking and interdisciplinary research and practices. " JIBSN has been engaged in various activities for 10 years. Of note is the conceptualization of "border tourism" and industry-academia-government collaboration with this idea as a key concept. On the other hand, JIBSN has been working on more than just ‘border tourism’ themes. What are the factors that have created and developed “border tourism” by JIBSN for 10 years? This article looks back on JIBSN's 10 years and clarifies what was realized and challenged through collaboration between researchers and practitioners. Specifically, it explains the history of JIBSN by dividing it into the pre-establishment period (2007-2011), the post-establishment period (2012-2013) and the “border tourism” promotion period (2014-2021), referring to measures taken by Japan’s government regarding border areas during the same period. It also explains why JIBSN has continued for more than 10 years, even though it lacks its own financial resources. As a result, this article clarifies JIBSN has entered a period of border tourism promotion through the collaboration of researchers and practitioners. In other words, it can be said that it is a collaboration between those that created the concept of border tourism and those that spread it as travel commodities. And in the post-corona era, its reconstruction has become an urgent issue. Also, it can be said that JIBSN has indirectly contributed to the realization of the Act on Special Measures concerning Conservation of Inhabited Remote Border Islands and Maintaining Local Communities on Specific Inhabited Remote Border Islands (the Act on Inhabited Remote Border Islands), the Comprehensive Agreement for the Embarkation of Domestic Passengers on Specified International Maritime Routes, and the Act on the Review and Regulation of the Use of Real Estate Surrounding Important Facilities and on Remote Territorial Islands. This is because JIBSN took them up at its seminars and published as reports on the web, although it was not directly affiliated with national institutions. On the other hand, the expansion of the exchange population in the borderlands of Japan continues to be an issue, so it will be an issue how JIBSN will be involved in these acts in the future. Therefore, increasing the number of JIBSN members will also be an issue. As mentioned above, this article looks back on the achievements and challenges of JIBSN over the past 10 years. However, it cannot be denied that new issues for JIBSN may arise depending on the possibility of cooperation with local governments that have World Heritage Sites and the change in the position of border islands in the new National Security Strategy (NSS) of Japan that is expected to be revised at the end of 2022. Therefore, we should continue to assert the relevance of JIBSN.

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The aim of this article is to contribute to the study of Russians in exile, using the perspective of personal narrative of a second-generation Russian exile of Kalmyk descent as a resource. The research method of oral history was used to reconsider the lives of individual Russian exiles as “displaced persons.” World War II produced an incomparable number of refugees. In 1941, the Allies established the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) to protect and assist refugees and other victims of war. As a result of the havoc caused by World War II, those who were found outside their “country of origin” were referred to as “displaced persons” (DPs), especially in the United States. This situation shows the limitations of the UNRRA’s refugee resettlement program. The number of people displaced in Europe in the immediate aftermath of the war was as high as 11 million. An estimated 33,000 DPs were repatriated daily in the summer and early fall of 1945. By the end of September, the number of DPs in Germany had dropped to 1.2 million. However, many people of Eastern European origin were not willing to return because they were worried about the new political system in their home countries and their own treatment upon returning. They were referred to as “non-repatriable DPs.” The subject of the oral history was a second-generation exile of former Russian Imperial subjects of Kalmyk descent (a Mongolian-speaking people); she was born in Belgium in 1931. Her mother left her when she was very young, and her father left home for work, leaving her in the care of her uncle and his wife. She was a stateless person with a Nansen passport. She traveled around Central and Eastern Europe in search of educational opportunities. In the late 1930s, her father and other first-generation exiles cooperated with Nazi Germany to seek to “liberate” their homeland (Russia). After the war, she was interned in the DP camp in Freimann, Munich, which became an American occupied zone. About 8,000 people of various nationalities stayed in the camp at Freimann. The gymnasium in the camp taught Russian, English, German, Church Slavonic, and Latin as required subjects. The camp had a cosmopolitan environment and was very intellectually rich, housing professors who had taught in many parts of Europe. There were several clubs of various ethnic groups in this camp, and they were very active. She enjoyed her youth in the “cosmopolitan” conditions of the camp. The interviewee and other Kalmyks were moved with the Russians to a camp at Schleissheim around 1946-47. The reason for this was that the Russians and Ukrainians did not get along so well, so it was decided to put them in separate camps. However, the DP camps including Schleissheim were dismantled at the end of 1952 with the withdrawal of US troops. In addition, the housing of German refugees returning from many parts of Europe left the Kalmyks with no place to stay. Seventeen countries refused to accept migration of the Kalmyks. The fact that they were identified as Asians was a serious barrier to migration. After many twists and turns, the U.S. Department of Justice was finally able to conclude that the Kalmyks, although Asian in origin, were "a white, so-called European race" given generations of education, cultural activities, and Russian Soviet domination. In 1952, the Interviewee was able to leave Germany and moved to the United States, where she attended college and lived for more than a decade. However, she was never able to feel at home there and returned to Munich where she found a place to live. As a stateless person who had moved from place to place in Europe, the camp in Munich was the place where she could be, where the borders between those with and without a homeland, between European and Asian, and within the Kalmyk people were evened, even if only temporarily. Munich, where she had spent her youth as a DP, was the place where she could belong.

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The purpose of this paper is to show how a moment to de-territorialise the post-socialist spacetime that emerged on the border of the East and the West with the end of the Cold War in 1989 is latent and manifest in this space-time. This paper regards the 1990s and 2000s as a period of postsocialism, the 2010s as a period of transition from post-socialism to post-post-socialism, and the 2020s and beyond as a period of post-post-socialism. The post-socialist period in the 2000s and the transition from post-socialism to post-post-socialism in the 2010s are the main focus of this paper. Based on the aforementioned period classification, the first part of this paper (Chapter 1 and 2) examines the reception of the film “Pelíšky,” which retrospectively depicts the ordinary life of people during the socialist period. The aim is to use the reception of the film to examine the structure of the ideological struggle in the cultural sphere of the Czech Republic in the 2010s between the “pro-Western group,” the political forces responsible for the “democratisation” of the country’s political and economic system under the banner of a return to the West, and the “pro-Eastern group,” the political forces that, in the eyes of the “pro-Western group,” were suspected of having links with the “pro-Eastan group.” In Chapter 1, I analyze the characteristics of “Pelíšky” as a nostalgic film by comparing it with the film “Goodbye, Lenin!” In the following chapter, I focus on the controversy over a scene in the film, which had been going on for more than a year since 2017 in the comments section of YouTube, and analyze the structure of the ideological struggle in the cultural sphere of the Czech Republic in the 2010s. I argue that the post-socialist space-time has been organised in a complex of three dichotomies: the East and the West, “the Past and the Present,” Socialism and Capitalism. In the second part of this paper (Chapter 3), I take up two documentary films released in 2004 and 2016 to show that, in the midst of the post-socialist ideological struggle, a moment to objectify the struggle itself has emerged. In addition, I point out that such a moment not only undermines the framework of the struggle, but also has the potential to nullify the conditions for the establishment of a post-socialist space-time. Specifically, I firstly argue that the documentary filmmaker Filip Remunda, together with his co-producer Vít Klusák, satirised the overheated consumerism in their 2004 film “Czech Dreams,” as well as the “West-free-market” trend behind it. I secondly argue that in his film “Krtek a Lao-C’,” released almost a decade later, Remunda satirised President Miloš Zeman as a politician with suspected links to former Eastern powers such as Russia and China. I then argue that at the time of the making of “The Czech Dream,” Remunda had already secured a position that was neither the East nor the West, that is, a third position, neither advocating nor condemning the socialist system of the past or the capitalist system of the present, but objectifying both equally. Finally, the third position, which takes an equally cynical attitude towards the two orders, the old and the new, is not only a moment that has the potential to invalidate the conditions for the establishment of post-socialism by evoking the baselessness of the three-way binary opposition between the East and the West, the Past and the Present, the Socialism and the Capitalism, but also a moment to promote the transition from post-socialism to post-post-socialism. Finally, I affirm that the significance of this paper in two ways: firstly, it presents a moment to de-territorialise the space-time of post-socialism in contrast to previous studies that have focused on the conditions that make post-socialism possible, and secondly, it provides a starting point for understanding how the paradigm shift from post-socialism to post-post-socialism is occurring in the political and cultural sphere of the Czech Republic.

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Although nuclear waste management (NWM) is a theme that requires a trans-disciplinary method of research, it has been discussed in divided academic territories. Is it possible to improve the explanatory quality by introducing boundary conceptions to analyze NWM policies? Generally speaking, we would imagine disciplinary, geographical (spatial) and diachronic (inter-generational) boundaries. The aim of this article is to clarify boundary conceptions and to rethink their applicability to NWM research. Transcending disciplinary boundaries is the main topic of the first section of this article. The remarkable NWM process in Gorleben, Germany, the symbolic battlefield of the anti-nuclear movement, has acquired new meanings since the Repository Site Selection Act in 2013. The final report of the Commission for the Disposal of High-active Waste proposed a final repository with retrievability. Germany, which had strictly adhered to the IAEA principle of aftercare-free deep geological disposal, eventually adapted to the international trend of final repositories with retrieval. It symbolized the fall of techno-optimism and reinforced the recognition that NWM is not only a natural scientific but also a social and political issue. Simultaneously, a trans-disciplinary project supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, ENTRIA, was launched. The ENTRIA verified three options (disposal without retrieval, deep geological disposal with retrieval, and long-term storage near the surface). One of its reports simulated risks and uncertainties in eight phased periods of maximal 1,000,000 years. This inter-disciplinary research contributed to the increased reliability of sciences and to the legitimization of site-selection processes. Whether this cross-disciplinary dialogue will promote a “deliberative turn” of NWM should be tested in realpolitical developments. In the second section, based on our research question (i.e., What impacts on NWM research will the relativization and realignment of geographical boundaries have?), we reconsider preceding theoretical and comparative studies. Political process analysis within national borders has been an important part of NWM research. This article contains an overview of German, French, Finnish, US and Britain cases. We aim to expand our scope in two directions. The first is NWM in the European Union (EU), whose directive 2011/70/Euratom provides a common framework. In spite of an expectation for its potentialities, there are problems such as variable governability among member states with different nuclear policies, the exportation of nuclear waste inside and outside of the EU, and so on. The other is nuclear oases theory. This insists that radioactive substances are likely to concentrate in peripheral regions which are economically dependent on nuclear industries and are characterized with inward-looking and acquiescent culture. Hanford (USA), La Hague (France), Sellafield (UK) and Gorleben are regarded as typical examples. Nuclear oases theory seems a variant of the centre/periphery theory, but a redefinition of boundaries would make it an advanced variant which transcends conventional argumentation. The centre/periphery threshold is not more than an ambiguous category and peripheral regions are full of diversities. Although nuclear oases are located downstream of nuclear power plants and some of them embrace reprocessing facilities, reprocessing facilities are not the terminal points of spent nuclear fuel. Final repositories are not always constructed in the areas of reprocessing facilities. It seems more rational to think that nuclear oases need their hinterlands, which are acutely vulnerable to being targeted for final repository siting. Such a consideration clarifies what the conventional centre/periphery theory cannot enough explain, i.e. Gorleben’s peculiarity among nuclear oases. Further investigation leads us to a fundamental problem: NIMBY facilities such as final repositories are issues of burden-distributive fairness. It matters how to realize an intra-generational and inter-generational sharing of the nuclear legacy. Nuclear waste must be isolated for thousands of years. We must think about diachronic factors to complete a model of boundary-conscious NWM research. In the third section, we start from a viewpoint of an ethic political theorist who analyzes Canadian NWM and concludes that deliberative democracy rises more fully to some challenges than welfare utilitarianism and modern deontology, which suffer from a persistent indeterminacy of substantive principles. Whether this argumentation is persuasive is to be answered through three sub-questions: How does environment theory tackle uncertainties derived from the longevity of radioactive substances? How is the interest of future generations represented in today’s decision making? And how is democratic theory applied to real-politics? The notion of deliberative democracy about mutual dialogue between present and future generations is accompanied with anonymity. Contrasting with such an abstract discussion, the stakeholder theory stresses the importance of negotiation in real-politics. All NWM processes are concerned with concrete issues. However, aporia of intergenerational burden-distributive fairness remains unsolved. The appearance of a “wicked problem” would be a trigger for a paradigm shift in modern sciences. In the conclusion of this article, we refer to Japanese case of NWM, i.e. the final repository siting debate in local communities in Hokkaido.

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This article discusses two issues. The first is how Taiwan Studies has developed in Japan since the 1990s, and the second considers the educational effects that school field trips to the Islands of Kinmen (Quemoy) may have.
Taiwan’s democratization process and its search for a new “national” identity stimulated academic interest among scholars. The Japan Association of Taiwan Studies (JATS) was established in 1998, and promoted studies on Taiwan. Initially, Japanese scholars in the field paid little attention to sharing their knowledge with society. However, younger researchers entering the field after the establishment of the association have been publishing introductory textbooks that serve a wide range of readers, and currently an increasing number of scholars are considering how they can make good use of their specialized knowledge.
There are several ways through which scholars can contribute to society. In an attempt to promote community outreach, the author and interested members of the JATS set up a scholars’ network to support high schools that conduct school trips in Taiwan, which have also increased in popularity. However, learning resources that can enable high school students to learn more about Taiwan are quite limited. To make these trips more meaningful, scholars provide materials, including a series of YouTube lectures and an informative website.
A study tour guided by a specialist would be an effective educational tool for both high school and college students. The author conducted a study tour to the Island of Kinmen (Quemoy), and students who participated in the tour were able to learn a lot about the island thanks to support from National Quemoy University. The author believes that a well-designed study tour to Kinmen would be a good means for students to study topics such as Hokkien (Minnan) culture, the history of the overseas Chinese, and cross-strait relations between China and Taiwan. It would also help them reevaluate the debate on Taiwan’s national identity and find their own answer to this question.

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This article aims to analyze issues regarding environment, surfing, and homelessness that appear in the surf zone (po‘ina nalu) and beach in Hawai‘i, specifically at Waikīkī in Honolulu. These are analyzed in the context of border studies.
First, the article discusses environmental issues. Waikīkī beach and its surrounding area is an important site for Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawai‘ians). However, due to colonization and development, the beach was extended and sea bottom modified. As a result, the water quality of the ocean worsened. Yet the natural environment at Waikīkī resists, and the reappearance of the ‘Āpuakēhau stream symbolizes such resistance.
Second, the article reflects on surfing. Surfing originates from Hawai‘i and other Pacific Islands, and is a cultural and ritual activity, in addition to being a sport. Although Waikīkī changed much after the arrival of settlers, Kānaka Maoli resisted and preserved the surf zone as their geographical domain. From the 1960s, Kānaka Maoli and non-Kānaka Maoli surfers collaborated to conserve the surf zone, while broadening their activities to fight for the public beach access rights of local people.
Third, the article focuses on homelessness visible at the beach. While luxurious hotels line the shore, many homeless people end up living near or on the beach in Waikīkī. Economic inequality and the high cost of housing are the main reasons for homelessness. Although immigrants from the Pacific Islands face severe poverty, many Kānaka Maoli people also struggle financially.
These three issues show how Kānaka Maoli people, their culture, and the natural environment have been neglected. The COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected Waikīkī. While the exclusion of homeless people from the beach continued, the natural environment recovered, and the local surfers returned to Waikīkī Beach. Theories and perspectives developed in border studies would help to analyze post-pandemic events in the surf zone and on the beach in Hawai‘i. Also, studies over land and the ocean of Hawai‘i would enrich academic discussions in the field of border studies.

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This paper focuses on language mixing as a strategy of interlingual communication to cross language borders. Although language mixing is a frequent phenomenon in language contact situations, it is not fully integrated into discussions of interlingual strategies. This may reflect the ideology of homogeneous languages. This ideology also results in the absence of language mixing in formal settings.
This paper analyzes the use of language mixing in the German-Polish border region as a test case to examine the potential of this strategy in intercultural contexts. This border, drawn after World War II, had no prior tradition of “border bilingualism,” and thus the emergence of language mixing in the region can give valuable insights into the significance of this strategy for establishing new cross-border contacts. The data evaluated in this paper, based on previous studies by Barbara A. Ja.czak and on fieldwork by the author, is analyzed from the perspectives of form, the level of communication and the social function of mixing. The article offers several examples of language mixing, including spontaneous encounters on the street and in border markets. Additionally, it examines language use in a number of cross-border initiatives, including a youth orchestra, a twin cities cooperation center, and a social art project called “Nowa Amerika” which seeks to develop a common regional identity across the border.
The results show that, besides ideological reasons, variability and instability may hinder the use of this strategy in formal situations. On the other hand, language mixing is not restricted to basic, practical communication, but can be used in high-level discussions, and has immense symbolic value for creating a sense of community across language borders. The findings of this study suggest that language mixing should be recognized as a valid interlingual strategy on par with other strategies. It may serve as a complement to other strategies, themselves characterized by different strengths and weaknesses.

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This article covers border immigrant aesthetics "Rasquachismo" by interpreting Chicana/o artworks in Mexican communities in the United States. The sensibility "Rasquachismo" was basically elaborated by Latino art scholar Tomás Ybarra-Frausto (1938–) as "have-not" grassroots Chicana/o aesthetics.
In response to Ybarra-Frausto's "Rasquachismo," Chicana artist Amalia Mesa-Bains (1943–) gleaned female daily expressions inside domestic life and Chicana/o communities, and named their attitude as Domesticana to emancipate their expressions from uncritical male-oriented "Rasquachismo."
After referencing previous studies, this article defines "Rasquachismo" as border immigrant aesthetics and presents the concepts of "duality," "hybridity" and "slowness" to deepen the understanding of "Rasquachismo." This argument strengthens the perspective of "others" in Chicana/o culture, which has not been adequately discussed in previous studies, and tries to broaden the applied possibility of this sensibility to different case studies or fields using these three notional angles above.
"Chicana/o" is a political, cultural and historical term associated with the Chicano Movement of the late 1960s. This term has a double meaning. It used to be a despised word that implied Mexican migrants before the Movement, having connotations as "poor," "second-class," and those meanings still remain today. In the late 1960s, some Mexican Americans converted such negative meanings to positive identity as their self-affirmation. They also made various artworks in order to visualize their own narratives, like murals, silk-screen posters, poetry, music, literature, bilingual newspapers, tent theatres, and so on. These are defined as both Chicana/o culture and art.
In this article, the concept "border" is founded on Chicana writer Gloria Anzaldúa's (1942–2004) bilingual writing of Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza published in 1987. According to Anzaldúa, "U.S-Mexican border is an open wound (una herida abierta) where the Third World grates against the first and bleeds. And before a scab forms it hemorrhages again, the lifeblood of two worlds merging to form a third country - a border culture." Anzaldúa's "border" or "open wound" concepts can be also seen in "Rasquachismo" as an "outsider within" or a stance to discover new worth into chaotic situations beyond static dichotomies. This border sensibility always embraces wounds, weaknesses and failures.
This article analyzes conditions of "Rasquachismo" on Chicana/o art, basically referring to the critique of Ybarra-Frausto, who chiefly elaborated the characteristics of "Rasquachismo" in 1988 when the Symposium and regional exhibition "Chicano Aesthetics: Rasquachismo" was organized by the Arizona Art Organization, MARS. In Spanish, "Rascuache" means having bad taste or being worth almost nothing. According to Ybarra-Frausto, "Rasquachismo" is a grass-root sensibility, an attitude and a taste which develops a bilingual consciousness within Mexican communities in the United States. It is the resilient art of making do with what's at hand. The artworks are made of discarded materials, like tires, coffee cans or broken glasses. Making Chicana/o murals with daily resources are also appropriate examples of "Rasquachismo."
Mesa-Bains exposed the male domination of "Rasquachismo" under Mexican culture and focused on female daily expressions like the home alter for Mexican Festival: Day of the Dead, embellishments of sawing boxes. She named their spirits of internal artworks as Domesticana, arguing that it is the counterpart of male-oriented "Rasquachismo." It is defiant and inventive, subverting the restriction unique to women in Chicana/o society. In this article, I presented two artworks as examples of Domesticana. One is the mixed-media installation "Emblems of the Decade: Borders" (2015–2018) by Mesa-Bains. Another is the Chicano mural "Immaculate Perception" (1992). Both artworks describe spatial, temporal transitions from inside the house, and ambiguities to emancipate from colonial and patriarchal oppression.
Following arguments in previous studies, this article defines "Rasquachismo" as border immigrant aesthetics, and points out "duality" "hybridity" and "slowness" as the characteristics of this sensibility.
Firstly, in terms of "duality," "Rasquachismo" attitude is naturally bilingual like speaking with an accent in both Spanish and English. This sensibility dismantles existing dichotomies between Mexico and United States, rural and urban areas, past and future, etc. Secondly, "Rasquachismo" is a "hybrid" like menudo, a mixed tripe soup. It seems too vague to understand, but it is possible to create new values, like a mixed art with graffiti and murals in East Los Angeles. Thirdly, slowness is a key to describe the time dimension of Chicana/o "Rasquachismo." Chicana/os make their own speed and rhythm. They ride lowrider cars with a specific way of "low and slow." They play music sometimes mellowly. With such slow speed, they go out of rhythm and then dissimilate themselves.
As a result, the border aesthetics "Rasquachismo" is not just a limited sensibility for Chicana/os. Such border aesthetics like "Rasquachismo" keep producing and reproducing daily border immigrant expressions by downtrodden people to transcend various borders, and to put differences together under the world of living with others in constant social mobilization and fluidization.

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Academica Histrica (ROC) published a series of source books on Chinese repatriation from all over the world after WWII. One of the volumes has sources of Academica Histrica and an explanation on the return of Chinese from Southern Sakhalin after the Soviet–Japanese War. However, the explanation lacks references to other official documents of other archives and media sources. In addition, the author of the explanation failed to weigh the information in official documents from the view of Karafuto/Sakhalin history.
This paper clarified the following points on Chinese in Karafuto/ Southern Sakhalin using official documents of Academica Histrica, Archive of Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica (ROC), The Second Historical Archive of China (PRC) and Archive of Shanghai-city (PRC), in addition, newspapers and magazine articles published in China.
Chinese in Southern Sakhalin contacted diplomatic establishments of the ROC in the USSR and returned to China in 1947 under the scheme for overseas Chinese repatriation established by the ROC - the same as other Chinese in the USSR. One hundred and sixty-one persons left Sakhalin for Shanghai, ROC as a Chinese returnee group and at least 4 Chinese remained in Sakhalin. It is estimated that the returnee group consisted of around 120 Chinese and around 40 Japanese families. Anxiety over regime change caused their return. They were not purged under the socialist regime in Sakhalin though they had stood by the Wang Jingwei regime under the Japanese Empire. However, socialization of the economic system and an increase of Soviet citizens damaged their lives because most of them had been engaged in commerce.
The government of Shanghai-city shouldered the most important role for supporting these returnees from Southern Sakhalin. The Shanghai branch of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ROC made every effort to accommodate them just after their arrival; however, the branch and the central government did not have a budget to support them. Not only these returnees from Southern Sakhalin but also returnees from other areas of the USSR and domestic refugees generated by the Chinese Civil War had flowed into Shanghai. Discharge of these populations was an urgent issue for Shanghai-city. Shanghai-city planned to settle these returnees and refugees on uncultivated lands in Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces as relief works. However, it emerged that those lands were not suitable for agriculture and the returnees from Southern Sakhalin had no intention to move to those lands though some of them came from those provinces.
One-third of the returnees from Southern Sakhalin had desired to move from Shanghai to Taiwan just after the return and that rate rose to three-fourths in a month, though there was no one among them from Taiwan. Some of the domestic refugees also desired to move from Shanghai to Taiwan. The Chinese Civil War had already proceeded and these refugees regarded Taiwan as one of the safe areas in China.
The reasons specific to returnees from Southern Sakhalin desiring to move to Taiwan were the linguistic barrier in Shanghai, linguistic advantage in Taiwan and reunion of family in Japan. Shanghai and the surrounding areas had a variety of Chinese dialects and there were few people among the returnees from these areas. As an official document stated, it was very difficult for them to get a job there. On the contrary, many people came from Fujian province and spoke Fujian dialects, which was one of major dialects in Taiwan; moreover, it is natural that they expected that they could communicate in Japanese there because Taiwan was a colony of the Japanese Empire the same as Karafuto. In addition, an example of reunion of family in Japan via Taiwan has been known. The colonial government of Karafuto launched the evacuation during the Soviet-Japanese War and many women, children and senior citizens moved to Hokkaido. The Soviet army sealed off La Perouse Strait and many families were separated.
The return of Chinese from Southern Sakhalin was a kind of unwilling displacement of citizens of the victorious nations generated by a series of border shifts after WWII, such as the return of the USSR citizens from China to the USSR. For their fatherlands, the victory of the war meant the liberation or the restoration of independence; however, for them, whether victory or defeat, border shifts derived from the war meant the disorganization of the order which they had help build as foreigners.

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The environment and culture were divided by the Ala Wai Canal, a geographical boundary surrounding Waikīkī in the city of Honolulu on Oʻahu Island of Hawaiʻi. In this article, I discuss how their reconnection can be enhanced by focusing on the activities of the Waikīkī Aquarium, which is part of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UH Mānoa).
Streams from Makīkī, Mānoa, and the Pālolo Valleys on Oʻahu Island used to flow into the Waikīkī area, which was originally a wetland mainly used for agriculture and Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian) cultural activities. However, the construction of the Ala Wai Canal in 1927 changed the flow of water drastically. As a result, the ecosystem of the Mānoa-Pālolo Watershed and food production, symbolized by connections among taro patches, fishponds, rivers, and the ocean, disappeared from the Waikīkī area.
Total restoration of the ecosystem, and cultural activities associated with it, may not be easy in current Waikīkī and the Mānoa-Pālolo Watershed, but there are activities that visualize the environmental and cultural wholeness of the watershed. Within a UH Mānoa program called Welina Mānoa, the Waikīkī Aquarium, Lyon Arboretum, Mānoa Heritage Center, and Ka Papa Loʻi ʻO Kānewai are collaborating to present the environment and the culture of the Mānoa Valley, which extends from the land to the ocean beyond the Ala Wai Canal. These institutions are all located in the watershed and present different aspects of the area. In the Lyon Arboretum, the cultural importance and traditional use of each plant in the arboretum is explained. The Mānoa Heritage Center has restored a sacred site for Kānaka Maoli in which the entire scenery of the Mānoa Valley can be observed. Ka Papa Loʻi ʻO Kānewai is a taro patch run by the Hawaiʻinuiākea (School of Hawaiian Knowledge) of UH Mānoa, which is used for educational and cultural purposes. These three facilities present the environment and culture of the land of the Mānoa-Pālolo Watershed, while the Waikīkī Aquarium presents those of the ocean.
Among these four facilities, the Waikīkī Aquarium is unique in the following ways. First, although they mainly focus on the environment of the ocean, the Waikīkī Aquarium addresses the connection between the ocean and the land. In the Kānaka Maoli worldview, the land and the ocean are inseparable, which is shown in Kumulipo, the Hawaiian creation chant. Therefore, particularly in the Hawaiian context, it is important to emphasize such connections. In addition to marine creatures, the Waikīkī Aquarium exhibits plants native to Hawaiʻi and cultural information related to them. Also, their new coral exhibit, opened in 2019, aims to show the contrast of living corals underwater and pieces of coral found on land. Second, the Waikīkī Aquarium provides a space for both local residents and tourists to learn about the environment and culture of the Mānoa-Pālolo Watershed. The aquarium, which functions as a popular tourist attraction as well as an educational facility for local residents, helps local residents and tourists to collaboratively find solutions for problems caused by the segmentation of the environment and culture of the Mānoa-Pālolo Watershed.
A researcher of the U.S.-Mexico borderland, Oscar J. Martínez, wrote that there are four models of interaction seen on borderlands. These are the alienated, coexisted, interdependent, and integrated models. Today, this theory is applied to various types of geographical boundaries, as well as the relationship between two groups. Activities of the Waikīkī Aquarium can be understood with this theory in the following ways. First, adding an exhibition of plants at the Waikīkī Aquarium emphasizes the connection between the land and the ocean. It helps to strengthen the collaboration among institutions in the Mānoa-Pālolo Watershed, which conduct activities related to issues on the land. As a result, it elaborates on the relationship between these institutions from the coexisting model to the interdependent model. Second, the Waikīkī Aquarium can enhance friendly relationships between tourists and local residents. In the context of the theory of Martínez, it is understood that the relationship between them would shift from the coexisting model to the interdependent model.
In general, the role of today's aquariums is explained as entertainment, education, research, and environmental protection. In addition to these, activities of the Waikīkī Aquarium contribute to the revitalization of the culture of the Mānoa-Pālolo Watershed as a soft power. Historian Andrea Feeser described the development of Waikīkī as a history of suffering brought on by colonialism and capitalism, also as the local people's resistance to them. If so, activities of the Waikīkī Aquarium are peaceful trials that help overcome difficulties caused by the colonization of Waikīkī and the introduction of capitalism to the area, symbolized by the construction of the Ala Wai Canal, which divided the Mānoa-Pālolo Watershed. Academica

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In August 2016, Myanmar held the "21st century Panglong Conference" with the aim to ease tensions caused by armed conflicts which have lasted over sixty years between the Myanmar government and ethnic minority organizations. It promised a new era with no armed conflicts. A year earlier, in November 2015, the National League for Democracy, led by Aung San Suu Kyi, won an overwhelming victory in the general election. This marked an end to the military government, and the newly elected government embarked on a journey of democratization. Additionally, in October 2015, just before the election, the Myanmar government and several ethnic minority organizations entered into the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement, marking a new phase in armed conflicts between them. Nevertheless, in December of the same year, some of the ethnic minority organizations, for example, Restoration Council of Shan State/Shan State Army (RCSS/SSA), resumed the struggle against the Myanmar military.
Most of the armed conflicts in Myanmar have occurred in places along the national border with neighboring countries. The parties of the conflicts in Myanmar include not only Shan but also Kachin, Karen and so on. This paper aims to discuss how ethnic minority organizations have achieved their mission to gain autonomy in Myanmar and their ways of survival. As a case study, RCSS/SSA, as mentioned above, will be picked up.
RCSS/SSA has its headquarter in a place along the national border between Myanmar and Thailand. The name of the village is Loi Tai Leng. The areas including this village controlled by RCSS/SSA hold advantageous defense positions benefiting from its geographical locations at the national border. This means that ethnic minority organizations taking control of areas near the border have been affected by neighboring countries. Especially, foreign policy, economic development, investment and tourism in China influence the strategies of the ethnic minority organizations. On the other hand, ethnic minority organizations select proactively people, goods, capital and information crossing over the border and make strategic plans for survival.
In order to verify the strategy of ethnic minority organizations such as RCSS/SSA, a rethinking of national territory as a unit of analysis is needed. The activities of ethnic minority organizations have relativized the concept of national border and have varied the meaning of the border, which seems unable to expand as an edge of territory. RCSS/SSA uses this dimension of the border against the Myanmar military who cannot deploy over national borders. Then RCSS/SSA uses flexibly the national border with Thailand for its struggle. Moreover, strained influences with the outside are required. It is observed that RCSS/SSA, as a non-state actor, make relationships with outside actors to continue the struggle against the nation-states.
For these observations, this paper uses the analysis frameworks of both "multi-scales" and "human territoriality." It also shows that politics of scales from the territorialities exercised by the Myanmar government and RCSS/SSA have extended to armed conflicts.
The first section reviews the literatures and shows analytical perspectives. In the second section, the politics of scales between territorialities is verified through the history of the Shan state. These territorialities came from both national scale and the scale made by territoriality, which every ethnic minority organizations in Shan state claim priority. The third section focuses on the relationships with outside actors, which has enabled RCSS/SSA to continue its armed struggle. Three kinds of actors are explored in this paper: the Thai military, which guards the national border, the Tai language group, which has common traditions with RCSS/SSA, and the international society, to which RCSS/SSA make the appeal of their anti-narcotic policy. The final section discusses that the relationships with the above-mentioned three actors are found to be the survival strategy for RCSS/SSA to maintain their organization.

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The Language Management Approach to Border Studies: Central European Perspectives Kimura Goro Christoph Although there have been many studies dealing with the relation between languages and borders, the topic of language is not yet fully integrated in contemporary border studies in general. Previous studies suggested that the unclear position of language in border studies may be caused by the fact that the role of languages with regard to state borders has become less prevalent. Mainly during the nineteenth and twentieth century, language often functioned as a demarcation between different ethno-politic entities and played an important role in the process of nation building. Most dominantly in Central and Eastern Europe, but also in other parts of the world, the ideology of “one nation, one language” was fostered. Currently, however, language comes less often to the forefront in state border claims. This paper takes up the insights provided by Daniel Baggioni (eco-linguistic revolutions), Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly (language, nation and states) and Ji.Neustupn (typology of language related processes) on the changing role of languages, putting forward the argument that the apparent retreat of language from the political agenda does not mean the decrease of the relevance of language for border studies. Presenting and discussing research from German-Polish, Czech- German and Luxembourgian border regions, it shows that rather than being just a marker of group boundaries, languages are functioning as part and parcel of various [re-]bordering, trans-bordering and de-bordering practices. Paying attention to language management as an integral aspect of border management would contribute to a deeper understanding of the durability, permeability and liminality of borders in Central Europe and beyond.

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This article explores the theme of same-sex love among men in Russian literature of the Silver Age by analyzing Mikhail Kuzmin’s novel Wings (1906), which is a symbolist novel, and Evdokia Nagrodskaia’s popular novels for women.The Wrath of Dionysus (1910) and At the Bronze Door (1914). During the Silver Age, numerous writers and philosophers explored the issues of gender and sexuality regardless of the tides in literature. In addition to the image of the “new woman” and androgyny, same-sex love became one of the main themes of Russian literature. Consequently, these works attracted the interest of many people because they sensationally depicted sexual themes. In the first chapter, to marshal confusing discourses and understand the context of their works, I divide the discourse of same-sex love in Russia into two paradigms.the paradigm of sexology and the paradigm of Russian philosophy of Eros. In the paradigm of sexology, same-sex love was not regarded as an action but as a specific form of identity called “homosexual.” Meanwhile, in the paradigm of Russian philosophy, same-sex love was associated with the utopian vision of “new human,” including misogyny or the notion of “people of the moonlight” that was originally used by Vasilii Rozanov. Therefore, the perception about same-sex love among people is different. Further, the second chapter reviews prior research on Wings. Previously, Wings was read as a coming out novel of a homosexual boy. However, I challenge this view because the notion of “coming out” or “homosexuality” is created by sexological paradigm that is based on identity. Notwithstanding that, in Wings, I cannot find a scene of coming out, an instance of construction of homosexual identity, or a moment of body attachment between men. Therefore, it is inappropriate to interpret Wings from the perspective of sexology. The third chapter analyzes Kuzmin’s Wings; here, I point out that some scholars claim that Wings was the first homosexual novel. However, I read this text, revealing the vision of the “new human,” the role of the body, and the meaning of “wings,” which are motifs of this work. This analysis reveals that Wings is closely related with the Russian philosophy of Eros, especially Rozanov's interpretation of the philosophy in People of the Moon Light. Kuzmin creates an aesthetical utopia in Wings, thereby rejecting the notion of sexology. The fourth chapter examines the image of same-sex love in the popular novels for women from the beginning of the 20th century, focusing on Nagrodskaia’s The Wrath of Dionysus and At the Bronze Door. Nagrodskaia is one of the most famous writers of popular novels and was inspired by Kuzmin. Her novels contained the theme of the sexology of “homosexual” people. In The Wrath of Dionysus, the protagonist’s act of coming out and explaining himself by discourses of sexology depicts homosexuality. On the other hand, in At the Bronze Door, a homosexual character plays an important role in the plot. Additionally, compared to that in Wings, Nagrodskaia clearly points out the picture of homosexual relationships. This article concludes Wings merely suggests same-sex love between men and that this type of relationship is not homosexual but rather a vague relationship experienced by men, which is a combination of fraternity and eroticism. However, other popular novels for women have explicitly represented same-sex love and portray “homosexual” people. To sum up, Kuzmin constructed the discourse of same-sex love on the basis of the Russian philosophy of Eros, and this discourse was transformed to the notion of sexology in Ngrodskaia’s works. Through this research, I rethink the primary theme in Wings and find connection between symbolism and other popular novels that were influenced by the notion of same-sex love. My research leads us to launch other queer studies that I use to pursue non-normative sexuality in Russian culture.

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In North America, the terrorist attacks of September 11 had profound consequences on immigration and border management issues along the US-Canadian and US-Mexico borders. With the emergence of Homeland Security after September 11, the US, in conjunction with the governments of Canada and Mexico, has begun negotiations to explore the possibility of building Border Security Governance. This governance system is based upon “Transgovernmental Networks (TGNs),” which may have the potential to advance common border security strategies among the US, Canada, and Mexico. This movement leads to creating “a secure and smart border” which can filter out “potential” threats and risks while facilitating legitimate cross-border flows While bilateral cooperation continues along the vertical dimension through a traditional state based approach, cooperation among the three countries is increasingly organized horizontally in a more network-like fashion across regional borders. TGNs such as Border Enforcement Security Task Force (BEST) teams, Integrated Border Enforcement Teams (IBETs) and Cross-Border Maritime Law Enforcement Operations, also known as “Shiprider,” are representative of this tendency. However, historic asymmetries in border security policies have existed among the three countries for a long time. In addition, border security practices are being reconfigured at various levels by different actors. This is most evident in issues regarding the mobility of people. This issue is becoming more and more differentiated based upon the notion of “neoliberal citizenship” more penetrable for some, and impenetrable for others. In this regard, the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP), signed by the three countries in 2005, does not simply guarantee a “simple and smooth regional space,” but understands mobility rights in relation to the borders being reconfigured As a result of these multiple dynamics, the relationship between border security and the ability of people to move has been complicated and often contested. This article examines the complexity of North American border security governance, with particular reference to the changing post- NAFTA environments. I argue that this type of governance has clearly shifted from a state-centric to a more pluralistic model developed by the theories of new regionalism, which denies the prevailing business-elitist, non-cooperative ethos. This article also raises concerns about the prospects of North America in the face of non-business, civil society organizations which have been excluded from the process of regional integration. The references to “border stakeholder” in the SPP suggest greater involvement of civil society organizations as well as business enterprises in the process of policy implementation.

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This is a practical study of an elementary Chinese composition class conducted online in 2020. Regular classes were taught in the first half of the semester, and a Flipped Class was implemented in the second half. The students made posters, and communicated with Chinese students online. In addition, process writing was introduced and the students were required to submit an essay of 200 words in each class. At the end of the semester, a questionnaire survey was carried out among the students and the following conclusions were reached. Positive aspects: 1) the students enjoyed writing essays in Chinese; 2) the students improved their Chinese writing skills; 3) group activities and the revisions by the teacher and the teaching assistants helped their Chinese learning; 4) the number of words for each essay was appropriate; 5) the Flipped Class was better than the regular one. Deficiencies: The revisions among the students. The following skills are listed according to their importance: vocabulary, grammar, structure, content, expression, writing style, and writing according to the notation rules.

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We report on the learning support for undergraduates, especially first-year students, provided by the Learning Support Office (LSO) in Hokkaido University in 2020. Among the types of support provided by LSO, this paper describes the following three: (1) online tutoring by graduate students, (2) online conversation events, and (3) learning materials. Differences in the contents and systems of support, as well as the purpose of consultations of students, compared with the previous year are discussed. The number of consultations to tutors decreased by 75％. It is necessary to make the online tutoring more familiar for students. On the other hand, the conversation events and learning materials were shown to be effective ways to understand the students' learning environment and their demands.

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High schools and secondary schools are major stakeholders in university entrance examinations. In order for the examinations to function properly, it is desirable for those schools and the university to understand each other’s activities and have a good relationship. This time, I planned regular surveys to achieve this. I gave them an interface function for exchanging opinions. In this paper, I report on the preliminary survey and the first main survey conducted in 2021. In the preliminary survey, I checked whether the purpose of main surveys would be acceptable by the school officials and confirmed several points that might cause problems in the implementation of the main surveys. The first main survey was conducted by utilizing the results of the preliminary survey, and no major problems were found in the implementation.

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In this paper, we report on the practice of effective online lessons using the learner's program execution history and the web conferencing system. Online lessons aimed at completing tasks for a particular group of learners were performed using a web conferencing system. The teacher's materials were presented to learners. Learners were able to ask questions at any time. It was shown that the teacher could grasp the learner's condition and provide appropriate support by checking the learner's program execution history. In addition, it was shown that the lack of understanding of learners could be effectively pointed out even in a short time by providing opportunities for individual guidance using the web conferencing system. Compared to face-to-face lessons, online lessons in programming based on the execution history of the program can be effective while making clear the understanding status of the learners.

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The Hokkaido University Hospital Management Administrator Program offers an educational program that includes 12 courses to develop human resources for leadership in hospital management. The program will produce 84 graduates, including 27 individuals who will complete the program in April 2022. This study clarifies the status of recurrent education in the field of hospital management and the role of the program based on the results of a questionnaire survey of 57 graduates administered using Google Forms. The questionnaire consisted of the following items, including free descriptions: "Why did you take the course (multiple answers)," "Satisfaction with the program (5-point scale),"and"Whether the program had a positive impact on you (5-point scale)". The number of respondents was 49 (response rate: 85.9%), and the overall average satisfaction level was 4.3, with 87.8% of the respondents giving a satisfactory"4"or"5." The most common reason for taking the course was"because I wanted to acquire knowledge about hospital management" at 89.8%, followed by"because there was no other opportunity to learn the lecture content" at 55.1% and "because I was interested in obtaining a qualification/diploma" at 40.8%.

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For the first time since one of the authors participated in training at Stanford University, we gave a two-day intensive lecture on design thinking that incorporated everything learned at the Firefly Museum in the town of Numata in October 2021. In this program, four students worked in groups to conduct all the processes of design thinking, such as interviewing local people, identifying issues, creating prototypes, and then asking for their opinions on the ideas again. The comments from the audience in the final presentation and those from the participating students indicated that by applying design thinking, we are able to introduce a better learning method for proposing solutions to problems in the field.

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A learning activity involving making a fossil museum using a commercial fossil specimen set was conducted for students in a teacher training course to enhance their knowledge and increase their interest in fossils. The fossil specimen set comprised fossils from the Precambrian to the Cenozoic era and ordinary chondrite and banded iron formations (BIF). The students were divided into 10 groups for each geological era and they presented fossils from each era with commentary boards. After the activity, we conducted a questionnaire survey on free writing and analyzed it using the qualitative integration method. We observed that this activity enhanced specific traits and our observations were in line with other studies on learning activities. We noted the following outcomes of the study: (1) acquisition of relevant knowledge and skills, (2) development of reflection, judgmental, and expressional abilities, (3) improved motivation to learn and inculcate kindness. Finally, improvements in the method of the activity and future prospects were discussed.

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The author proposes the hypothesis thatʠearly tRNA-like materials functioned as intracellular structures.ʡRNA is also readily degraded in the cell, but its stability is increased when it attaches to amino acids. In other words, (1) many RNAs, which were intracellular dust, bound together to form tRNA-like substances and attached to amino acids. (2) In addition, the tRNA-like substances began to bind RNA in other parts. (3) The RNAs became a long chain like mRNA. Thus, the surviving tRNA-like substances and mRNAs accumulated, and the initial RNA world was added to the protein world. This hypothesis is based on the hypothesis that the reason for the early evolution of RNA was not its function or genetic information, but its stability as a chemical substance. mRNA, as a chemical substance, would have been able to preserve its genetic code like DNA. The reason why tRNA has the genetic code as we know it today can be found in its stability as a chemical substance. It is hoped that research in this area will continue.

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In this study, we investigated the validity of indirect assessments of English language proficiency in an English language department by considering consistency between student self-reports and IELTS scores. The former data were obtained from a survey of freshmen conducted by the Institutional Research Consortium of Japanese Universities. Regarding English language proficiency, we focused on five categories—Listening, Reading, Spoken Interaction, Spoken Production and Writing. The consistency was evaluated by the bias in student self-reports by comparison with converted values of the IELTS scores in terms of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), as well as by correlation. As a result, all five correlations were found to be statistically significant (medium correlation for all categories except Writing). Furthermore, it was shown that receptive and productive skills had almost no bias and non-negligible bias, respectively. In conclusion, this study partially supported the validity of indirect assessment of learning-outcomes based on self-reports.

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This study aims to evaluate nursing skill proficiency criteria using a motion capture system. We have developed a dynamic projection mapping simulator for tracheal suctioning that enables nursing students to practice lung drainage and to observe changes in facial expression, as well as cough, lung, and bronchial sounds as biological reactions depending on suctioning catheter control. The performance time, travel distance of bilateral dorsum manus (BDM), posing frequency of the BDM, posing duration of the BDM, and average travel speed of the BDM were calculated and statistically analyzed using the independent t-test and two-way analysis of variance. The results indicated that performance time, total travel distance of the BDM average travel speed of the BDM, and posing frequency can be adequate proficiency evaluation criteria.

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This paper explores an analytical method for the student learning level in an academic program by use of student self-assessment. Nitobe College for Graduate Students in Hokkaido University (hereinafter referred to as "Nitobe College Graduate") has been offering two special programs (Foundation Program and Honors Program) for Master's course students in Hokkaido University under its education policy of "3+1 Competencies". The students in Nitobe College Graduate are required to do self-assessment along with "3+1 Competencies" three times during their study in the program. The "3+1 Competencies" are composed of Ability for Sustainable Personal Development, Team Organization & Management Skills, Capacity for Knowledge Sharing and Application for Social Benefit, and Professional Ethics. With the application of a new analytical method to the results of the student self-assessment, the paper shows the extent to which the students of Nitobe College Graduate have acquired the "3+1 Competencies."

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Academic advising is a means to help students to achieve their academic goals through advising sessions. The efficiency of academic advising is gradually being recognized in Japanese higher education in recent years. Kanazawa University launched academic advising specifically for students of the General Education Division in order to provide adequate support for the students who need to decide their field of study when they become sophomores. Based on the utilization data, this paper considers the mission of academic advising in the Japanese context. Originally, the main role of the academic advisor is to offer advice on students' class registration and increase the retention rate, but the need for advice on class registration is not high in Kanazawa University; rather, the desire for academic career consultation is greater. Moreover, students prefer simpler ways to communicate with advisors such as emails, texts, and question forms rather than directly seeing advisors. Finally, future implications are offered to promote academic advising in the Japanese context.

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The present study investigated how the relationship between a critical thinking attitude and perceived cooperation was different in face-to-face learning and distance learning. Through cross-delay modeling, we examined the direction of causal relations between a critical thinking attitude and perceived cooperation in a first-year project-based learning(PBL) course. In distance learning the phase of input was conducted in an on-demand learning setting, and the phases of cooperation for project construction and output were performed through a face-to-face setting, whereas in face-to-face learning all phases of input, cooperation for project construction and output were performed through face-to-face settings. There were 209 final survey samples for the face-to-face learning setting and 127 for the distance learning setting. The findings revealed that the path from a positive attitude on critical thinking to perceived cooperation was positively significant in the distance learning setting, but not significant in the face-to-face setting. The path from perceived cooperation to a negative attitude on critical thinking was not significant in the distance learning setting whereas it was negatively significant in the face-to-face settings. The results suggested that positive circulation between a critical thinking attitude and perceived cooperation was realized in the distance learning setting but not in the face-to-face learning setting.

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We investigated the factors affecting the overall evaluation (satisfaction and learning motivation) of a special subject at Hokkaido University to develop effective measures for improving classes in university education with the aim of cultivating a proactive student attitude toward learning. The findings were subjected to factor analysis, and classified into 4 types (teacher effort, class specifications, student effort, and teacher response). Covariance structure analysis was applied to examine the latent variables affecting the overall evaluation. Satisfaction was affected by the university's attitude, and learning motivation was affected by both the university's and students' attitudes. In other words, satisfaction can be easily improved by the efforts of the university itself, but to improve the learning motivation, it is necessary to stimulate the efforts of the students as well. According to multiple regression analysis, the learning motivation was affected by the degree to which teachers responded to students expressing their motivation, in addition to the enthusiasm of teachers. Therefore, to improve learning motivation, it will be effective for the university to not only provide an environment where students can easily ask questions and express their opinions, but also to continue to respond politely to their questions and opinions.

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On retirement, the author reviewed the history of the Research Division for Higher Education and higher education research over the past 15 years and proposed a vision for the future. Over the past 15 years, the author has been able to participate in the creation and development of the Faculty Development Center and the Institutional Research (IR) Office in Hokkaido University. The author was also involved in the establishment and development of the IR Consortium of Japanese Universities. In higher education research, the author was involved in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which led to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as part of science education research, but it did not develop much due to the small government budget. On the other hand, STEM (Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics) education continues to develop not only in theEuropean and American countries, but also in Asian countries, including Japan, with governments allocating appropriate budgets. Finally, I think that for the development of higher education in Japan, it is important to establish closer cooperation between industry and academia, and to develop a system of employment and human resource development for professional staff in the university.

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In January 2020, we participated in the Design Thinking training organized by Stanford University d.school. The following is an overview of this five-day training program. The main difference from the ordinary problem based learning (PBL) is that the students interview the people involved. We will not only think of solutions, but also create prototypes to show concrete examples. Finally, using the prototypes made, we further interview the people involved about the good and bad of the solution. Based on the results of the interviews, the project ends with further revisions and development of the idea. We suppose that Design Thinking will be widely used in the field of education in universities as an advanced method of PBL.

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In this paper, we report on the implementation of effective programming education as general　education on the premise of the online class. With the promotion of programming education in elementary and secondary education, it is expected that the differences in programming proficiency among university students will increase in the near future. In addition, it is expected that online education will continue to be promoted due to the influence of COVID-19. Classes are conducted using a programming environment originally developed as a Moodle plugin. This environment has a function to check the learner's program execution log and visualization log. Learners can also send questions to teachers in the environment. However, for beginners, there are times when it is difficult to question properly using the questions function of the environment. In such cases, teaching methods that mimic face-to-face lessons using both a web conferencing system and the programming environment are considered effective.

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This article aims to propose an accompanied-learning model of career education based on collaboration with teachers and practitioners through a case study in Hokkaido University. Nitobe College in Hokkaido University, through a "fellow system" that utilizes the alumni association network for education and career support, has held a "career development seminar" and has been trying an accompanied-learning model career education. This seminar incorporates four elements: self-understanding, vocational understanding, career planning, and assessment. It build, a route for reciprocal relationships among the four elements, and students' work in the reciprocal process with the accompaniment of their mentors and peers. This concept of the accompanying support model has three aspects: (1) it supports independence, (2) it has a diverse support group of fellows, professors, and students, and (3) goal development through trial and error. What is particularly important is that supporters do not give support unilaterally, but let students gain power for themselves while confirming their own directions in the relationships with others.

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Achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) requires the cooperation of every single person in the world, and the understanding of SDGs is a common ground that should be shared worldwide. In Japan, comprehensive learning and inquiry learning on the theme of SDGs are flourishing in primary and secondary education, and companies and local governments are also making efforts to address SDGs to lead to business and regional revitalization. However, although universities are actively contributing to SDGs through research, there are few initiatives in education. Therefore, we examined the ideal form of higher education to develop human resources who can contribute to the achievement of the SDGs. First, we extracted the required competencies from the definitions of SDGs and examined how these competencies could be incorporated into higher education from entrance examinations to adult education. In order to realize these efforts, it is necessary to utilize information and communication technology and raise the awareness of the faculty and students.

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In science. questions arc more important than answers, but the scientific questions has not yet been clearly defined, taught, or evaluated in school systems. Here. I present the "K5 theory" to classify all conceivable knowledge. and to demonstrate that fields of potential scientific study can be described by proposition and logic, that is "logical space." We classified scientific questions into three categories based on each question's target in logical space: (1) Questions to Close, for asking about the reliability of the proposition: (2) Questions to Extend. for asking what can possibly be deduced from the proposition: and (3) Questions to Open. for asking about what new proposition could be made from the proposition. Hereafter, I examine the expansion of K5 theory in science education, and discuss methods that can be used lo evaluate scientific questions. based on these three classifications.

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In this paper, we analyze the effect of extracurricular activity participation on securing an initial job among Japanese undergraduate students, focusing on the mediating effect of their teamwork skills. Our study used the data set of web monitoring surveys that targets the students of Japanese higher education institutions. The survey was conducted in December 2017 and April 2018. The empirical results showed that extracurricular activity participation during elementary school days provided students with teamwork skills. In addition, after controlling for potential biases, teamwork skills led to an increase in the probability of securing a job. Extracurricular activity participation during elementary school days has a mediating effect on securing an initial job in the Japanese youth labor market. Our findings suggest that participation in organized activities outside school plays an important role in youth development and getting a job.

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In this paper, we propose a tutoring method to support student learning in order to avoid interfering with their grades. First, we clarified cases of tutoring based on the possibility of such interference. Second, to simplify the discussion, we defined tutoring as “advising based on active listening." Furthermore, we classified advising into four categories, pairing them based on their properties: general/particular and abstract/concrete. Finally, we concluded that general advising does not interfere with a student's grades under any circumstances. However, when given as support for assignments, particular and abstract advising weakly interferes with the students' grades, while particular and concrete advising strongly interferes with them. These results can contribute to the development of an appropriate tutoring policy consistent with the regular curriculum.

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The results of the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2003 and the key competencies indicated by the DeSeCo Project continue to have a major influence on reforms in primary and secondary education around the world. Implementing competency- based education is important as it aims at efficient and rational teaching through rearranging the contents of education and specifying competencies, which are "knowledge skills and attitudes one should possess." In Finland, often named as an example of successful education, seven key competencies are set in the current curricula of all levels of schooling, where these competencies are taught and nurtured. I have attempted to clarify concrete elements through examining the kinds of competencies that should be obtained through science education and as a model case in medical education. For this purpose, it is necessary to have a discussion about the meaning of culture as the background of education and what skills and qualities should be fostered in children and students towards the latter half of the 21st century.

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Abstract -- This paper provides an introduction to topics including an overview of efforts to apply a planning and proposal competition to career education for first-year undergraduate students, the objectives of such efforts, and their results. Selection of a theme is very important in such a planning and proposal competition. The competition was able to raise the awareness of students, who had only recently entered university, of the significance of advanced, specialized knowledge in university studies as well as the importance and difficulty of collaborating with others. This in turn raises their awareness concerning the society of the future and also helps to enrich their lives as university students, ultimately contributing to the students’ own careers.

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Abstract -- In this paper, we report on creating an original gear-type radix converter for the purpose of understanding the fundamentals of radix conversion, in addition to understanding binary notation, which is the basic form of expression of computers. We also propose three ways to use the radix converter in a general information education class for freshman of universities. In addition to understanding radix conversions of the simplest positive integers, we propose its use for the purpose of gaining an understanding of the complement, and its use in comparison with the gear calculator in computer history. According to its trial use in FY2018 and questionnaire results of learners, learners generally have a good impression of the radix converter. In addition, it was found that the converter was useful to understand radix conversion.

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Abstract -- Using a questionnaire survey of a university in Japan, we examined whether the College Impact Theory proposed by A. W. Astin in 1993 could hold in Japan. In addition, we clarified what experiences in high school and university affect learning outcomes. The IR data used were the results of a freshman survey, a junior survey, a graduation survey, and a graduate student survey. As a result, it was proved that the college impact theory was applicable even in Japanese universities. In addition, learning styles that contribute to good learning results at universities and the acquisition of competencies after graduation were extracted. Learning behaviors that lead to good results were also revealed in the science major group and humanities major group. Such specific research results make it possible to verify the characteristics of individual universities and are expected to contribute to future educational reform.

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Abstract -- We are working on admission reform that connects high schools, our university and society. Thus far, we have defined the human resources required by Hokkaido University as specific competency sets and developed an admission system that evaluates the examinees’ various activities such as schoolwork and extracurricular activities based on these competencies. In this paper, we report a test question sets we developed to measure these competencies. We conducted this test for 486 high school students and found that, although there was no correlation between the scores and the grades and schools, the science and mathematics students tended to have higher scores than the other students. In the future, we will conduct this test for university students and members of society and examine the possibility of its application to follow-up surveys.

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Abstract -- This study aims to help build better internship programs for companies, students, and universities, and in particular, to clarify how universities should support the parties involved. To this end, I analyzed the results of questionnaires for companies and students as well as oral interviews with company representatives, with special focus on whether or not universities were involved in the recruitment process.
In open recruitment that did not involve universities, companies tended to have a stronger intention to contact a larger number and more diverse students to find potential employees. Similar intents were observed when companies recruited interns via universities. The results of student questionnaires suggested that they were more conscious of future employment in open recruitment, whereas they rather intended to learn about "working"and self-aptitude in via-university recruitment.
By focusing on the recruitment forms, this study provides insights into the meaning of a university’s involvement in internship recruitment and supports that companies and students seek from universities. It is considered that supports to encourage and motivate students and help them determine their objectives will be more and more necessary. Universities should consider enhancing preparatory training programs and possible supports for overall student life.

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Abstract -- The aim of this paper is to analyse the “Specific Procedure Training Course System,” which was introduced in 2015 to satisfy increasing healthcare demand in Japan. The policy was analysed through utilisation of Walt and Gilson’s policy triangle. Consequently, it was determined that to improve the systemwe should: 1) establish a responsible regional organization for satisfying holistic care demands, 2) respect nursing educators’ autonomy for curriculum development for future nursing provision, 3) assure freedom of learning areas to adjust nursing knowledge and techniques for patients’ needs, 4) reduce the financial burden for lifelong learning, 5) introduce a flexible role shift system without the requirement for law modification to accommodate constant technological development, and 6) innovate a new affordable/sustainable reimbursement scheme, encompassing a direct payment system for direct care providers. However, further research is required to identify concrete policy approaches and measure outcomes.

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Abstract - This paper is intended tu elucidate both the content and objectives of the systemic reforms implemented in fiscal 2018 in the internship programs at Hokkaido University and to summarize the impact of the Hokkaido Iburi Tobu Earthquake that struck on September 6, 2018 and what it demonstrated about the state of risk management. The elimination of short-term internships has had some effect in making educational objectives clearer. While some companies did suspended internships in response to the earthquake, others employed considerations such as setting up alternative schedules. However, some issues have become clear with regard to the state of risk management, including imperfections in the structure for contacting students in an emergency.

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Abstract - The Association for Institutional Research (AIR) was founded in the U.S. in 1966. Therefore, it has been over 50 years since institutional research (hereinafter abbreviated as IR) activities began. However, in Japan, organizational IR activities through interuniversity collaboration began in 2009. Thus, there is only collaboration project with other Japanese universities. Via this survey, it became possible to acquire numerical data about the strengths and weaknesses of our own university. The nexr step is to share the results of the IR activity promotion process and good practice of educational reform among Japanese universities. In March, 2018, in order to learn about the IR activities of the U.S. in recent yaers, we conducted a survey by visiting three eastern educational institutions. This report provides the results of our interviews at those institutions.

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Abstract - Institutional Research (IR) in higher education not only gathers information from within the instituiton, but also collects a wide range of data without limitation, connects the with the student ID as a key and adjusts data to a standard among universities. Data gathered via such a policy might be able to reveal new concepts that could not be shown clearly until now. In this paper, we focus on the characteristic patterns of the university students' lifestyles as a concept that has been hard to determine and made an attempt to simulate them using the data. Using IR data of the Universities IR Consortium that includes 40 universities, the universities were divided into 6 types of students. In some combinations of these types, there were large differences in questionnaire results. We ran a simulation to determine unique features of the university using data from Hokkaido University according to a policy in which the characteristics appeared based on reference points of the categories in the university.

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Abstract - The questionnaire on learning situations used by the University IR Consortium was introduced by Yamada et al. in 2004 with reference to the Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP) used in the USA. A questionnaire based on the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) used in USA was also introduced in Korea in 2009. The questionnaires (CIRP and NSSE) referred to in both countries have been gradually reorganizad after that, and there are several different parts. In this report, we focus on the CIRP compared with the other three questionnaires, and summarize recent trends in US questionnaire contents. This will assist in future discussions about the contents of student survey questionnaires.

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Abstract - This study examines the public use of IR data in the United States post-secondary education system and draws applications to the use of IR data in Japan. In the first part, it reviews the longstanding history of public data usage and analyzes the changea in public use of data from 1867 through current times. It summarizes the key changes and their implications for institutional researchers. The review shows the role changes in technology and access to data led the IR field to change its perception of information in a ‘close box’to one that is widely, and readily accessible data for all users. As a result, new methods to employ the data for evalution have been presented in the public sphere. Detailed comparisons of colleges and universities became feasible and met the demand for accountability measures from policymakers, administrators, faculty and students. Futher linkage of large, administrative records enable policymakers to monitor changes in the job market and their applicability to the higher education sector. Those changes are demonstrated using the Data Feedback Report (DFR) and the Economic Development and Employer Planning System (EDEPS) - two widely accessible reporting systems that utilize IR data in the public sphere. In the second part, the paper examines the applicability of the tools and policies developed for public use of IR records to the higher education system in Japan. Itfuther suggest potential benefits for the expansion of IR at a campus level, and throughout consortium collaborations. Drawing on recent development in IR research at Hokkaido University and in Japan, I outline areas where linking existing administrative records may greatly support sata completion, and complement information collected in existing surveys. Expanding on the promising work of Miyamoto et al.(2017) and Hosakawa et al.(2018), it shows adding administrative records to evaluate longitudinal student outcomes can enhance the IR research in Japan and support the findings of earlier studies in IR. This would enable a mass expansion of IR at the course, major and campus level assessment. It further aligns with the development of assessment policy crucial for institutional effectiveness. Applications to campus level and system-wide IR are futher discussed.

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Abstract - Since international students have diverse cultural backgrounds, the information ehics education for foreign students should conform to that for Japanese students. We examined the applicability of such education for international students using the information ethics digital video materials used for Japanese they preferred subtitled versions with a japanese soundtrack. With the subtitled version, 80% of the learners replied that they could easily understand the contents of the video. Therefore, thesevideo materials can also be applied as a case-study method from the viewpoint of the difficulty level.

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Abstract - In 2017, the Japanese Goverment announced the plan of the New Policy for Human Development, aiming to reduce inequality and nurture the workforce needed for the development of 21st-century Japan. It includes tuition-free scholarships for low-income families, benefit-type scholarships, and income-linked repayment loans for university students. In contrast, a new, diffirent type of schlarship is in place in some states in the United States. In 2014, Governor Bill Haslam of Tennessee signed the Tennessee Promise Act, and it was implemented in 2015. It is a state scholarship that makes tuition for community colleges free for two years for all the first time students who attend any of the Tennessee community colleges. The completion rate for community colleges is only 25%. Why did the lawmakers decide to spend money on institutions of higher education with such low productivity? The Tennessee Promise has been an immense success and, by March 2018, fifteen states had followed Tennessee and enavted similar Promise-type programs. Today, in Japan, as well as in the United States, more than 50% of 18-yaer-olds attend college or university. We are at the universal stage of Martin Trow's model of higher education. Why free-tuition policies have appeared at this stage of universalization? In this paper, the author analyzes the features of Tennessee's free-tuition scholoarships and tries to explain the meaning of the program using Trow's model.

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Abstract - This empirical study was conducted in a state university in Japan. Data were collected during multicultural classes where international and Japanese students studied together and tackled group projects using an active learning approach. Classes conducted in English and classes in Japanese with the same syllabi were compared. In both courses, non-native speakers had upper-intermediate to advenced levels of oral proficiency in the language of instruction. Qualitative data analysis focused on how Japanese students shifted their positions between native-speaker roles (in Japanese classes) and non-native-speaker roles (in English classes). Reflection notes written by the students and collected after every lesson, assigned essays and transcripts of follow-up group interviews at the end of the courses were analyzed. We found two main obstacles in unsuccessful interactions in English classes among Japanese students: a lack of considence in expressing their opinions in public and anxiety when speaking in English. In contrast, their confideration of others, i. e., non-native speakers, largely contributed to successful interactions in Japanese classes. Japanese students gained valuable stimulation from the attitudes of international students who showed active participation using Japanese as a foreign language. based on this study, we have two major suggestions for first-year education for Japanese students. First, educational training for stating one's opinions in the mother tongue is needed before the promotion of discussion activities using English. Second, the active learning style in multicultural classes containing international students, whether they are in English or in Japanese, needs to be systematically promoted in the light of the current demand for internationalization of higher education in Japan.

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Abstract - In Japan, universities have experienced an increase in the number of students seeking counseling services. While many university counseling centers perceive crisis management to be challenging, the crisis intervention literature only provides scattered evidence of its effectiveness and lacks a comprehensive classification of these interventions, making it difficult for university counseling centers to implement research-informed crisis management policies and plans. This paper presents a classification model of crisis intervention specific to university settings where three factors are displayed along the three axes of a cube. The axes consist of 3 stages of crisis, 3 scales of crisis intervention, and 3 foci of crisis intervention, resulting in 27 categories. Rationales and descriptions for these three axes are provided, followed by a discussion of the limitations and possible contributions of the cubic classification model.

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Celebrating the publication of the book entitled "All about Liberal and General Education of Hokkaido University" (edited by Masaaki Ogasawara, Atsushi Ando and Toshiyuki Hosokawa; published by Toshindo Co., Ltd. in June 2016), a get-together dinner was held on September 1, 2016 at Sapporo Aspen Hotel. Seven authors as well as former presidents of the university and an administrator talked about how the educational reforms were made in the last two decades at Hokkaido University. The discussion also included the perspective of higher education in Japan with special reference to liberal and general education. This article is composed of the recorded round-table conversations.

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Hokkaido University began holding an annual two-day workshop on education for the faculty members in 1998. Since 2007, this workshop has been implemented twice a year, and its target participants have been young faculty members. Since last year, we have held three separate workshops. The purpose of this report is to explain what was done in the 2017 workshops, and to explore the challenges that remain to improve the workshops. The first workshop in June had 15 participants from Hokkaido University and 2 participants from other institutes of higher education, the second one in September had 16 participants from Hokkaido University and 5 participants from other institutes of higher education, and the last one in November had 14 participants from Hokkaido University and 1 participant from another institute. This year’s main theme was Active Learning. Each workshop mainly consisted of three sessions about planning of courses, including lectures and group discussions. The main contents of this report are an overview of the three workshops and the results of questionnaires collected after each workshop.

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This report contains an analysis of the outcome of a survey regarding participation in an internship implemented at Hokkaido University. According to the results of this analysis: (1) Motivation for participating can be divided into students who cited their choices of future career and industry, and those who cited improving their perspective on employment and professional awareness. (2) Satisfaction was generally high with the explanatory sessions, advance training, individual interviews, and achievement reports. (3) Over 90% of the students responded that their internship experience was useful in planning for both the future and their careers.

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Japanese universities are recommended to introduce an assessment policy to certify the quality of education. The policy should have a checklist that shows the methods used to assess the degree of achievement of the diploma policy. We describe an example of the checklist in detail in this paper. It shows the important role of a survey of the students, including a questionnaire for alumni. It is important in this assessment that the survey uses common questionnaire items. It also should report the results of the assessment and ideas for educational reform. This will be the last step to create a PDCA cycle in our education system.

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Even if there is a desire to learn, there are times when we cannot engage ourselves in a class and there are cases when we are engaged in the class even if you we not have the desire to learn. If we cannot engage ourselves in the class, not only will it not lead to deep learning, but it may also impede the learning of others. Until now, there is no existing theory explaining how to engage in a class. In this research, we focus on the motives to learn and introduce the concepts of positive motives to learn and negative motives with regard to learning. Motives to learn related to a class are very diverse, and it is usual to have multiple motives at the same time. By thinking that these learning motives can be quantified, we defined the total as the total amount of motives to learn. If the total amount of motives to learn is positive, the learner can engage in the class, and if it is negative the learner cannot. Following this way of thinking led to the assumption that a different approach is needed to conduct a class that draws from motives to learn. This research proposes a new theory to explain the degree of engagement in classes that has never been presented before.

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All universities in Japan are required to evaluate three aspects of academic ability in a multifaceted and comprehensive manner in the entrance examination. The learner’s ability to ask questions is deeply involved in these elements. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method to evaluate this ability. In this research, I divided the ability to ask questions into (1) the ability to notice implicit information and (2) the ability to express the information without bias in an adequate question form. I then verified the reliability of this method, which contained 12 evaluation viewpoints of the meta-model for each ability. There was insufficient reliability with either point 1 or 2 alone. However, sufficient reliability was obtained when the two were combined. I plan to improve the reliability of each evaluation item and proceed with the verification of each validation point as well.

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Institutional research (hereafter referred to as “IR?) activities in Japanese universities have shifted from the introductory stage in which organizations were set up to the productive period of embodying their activities. The fundamental task of IR relating to education is to collect data from a questionnaire survey of students about their learning activities and various teaching data as provided by the university administrative office, and to thereby objectively determine the strengths and weaknesses of the university. Furthermore, it is important to promote detailed analysis by collaborating with each department in the university to make use of this in educational improvement. However, the IR organization structure varies depending on the university. Therefore, it is difficult to use a single educational evaluation model commonly applied to every university. For this reason, the IR staff at each university is seeking a number of concrete examples leading to educational improvement such as the type of data used, analysis examples, and useful procedures. In this paper, we report examples of IR seminars held by Hokkaido University through collaboration with the administrative staff and faculties. This is an important and meaningful example of one type of IR activity.

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Community colleges in the United States are a pathway to opportunities for higher education for all, regardless of their high school grades. Many students from disadvantaged families go to community colleges with the hope of transferring to four-year universities to acquire diplomas, which opens up opportunities to find better jobs. However, for students with low GPAs, it is not easy to meet the requirements for transfer, and only a handful succeed. Clark (1960) maintained that community colleges perform the function of?cooling out,?which reduces the aspirations of students from poor families and provides them with a?soft?denial while maintaining their belief in the promise of upward social mobility through higher education. According to an analysis of research conducted by the American Sociological Association, in 2014, the majority of community college faculties understood that their work of mentoring disadvantaged students was a practice of social justice. This is the basis of their professional identity. There are no equivalents to American community colleges in Japan. Instead, some low-end, nonselective private universities accept students with low high school GPAs. In reality, anyone can enter, and a majority of the students can graduate without learning the academic knowledge necessary to find good jobs. They lack not only learning abilities but also knowledge of the middle-class culture that is needed to succeed in universities and in the real world after graduation. All faculties in Japan believe that research is the most important mission, and even the faculties of nonselective universities with poor research resources and opportunities concentrate their efforts on research and fail to help low-end students.

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The change of regulation concerning faculty meetings of university in the School Education Law has changed the administration of the university. The president has become able to make all of the administrative decisions of the university, because the president can freely deny the opinions of the faculty meeting. This is called the “ultimate decision-making authority” by the Ministry of Education. There is no definition or direct regulation of the decision-making authority in the School Education Law. This power is due to the interpretation of law by the Ministry of Education. The technique of interpretation is a fiction of law. This technique is strongly technical and arbitrary, indicating a limitation of the law. This fiction of the law is based on the theory that the ultimate decision-making power rests with the chief of an organization because the legislation concerning the power in the law of administrative organization is not sufficient. Practically, however, the chief cannot decide by himself and needs a consensus on the various steps in the administrative organization. The Ministry of Education says that the president has the power to decide because of his ultimate responsibility based on the principle of power corresponding with responsibility, but the relationship between decision-making authority and responsibility is complex, and not easy to clarify. We can understand it by considering the problem of legal responsibility, because someone must actually take responsibility in spite of not having the ultimate decision-making authority in the organization. Therefore, the power with responsibility needs a fictional explanation. The ultimate decision-making authority is a fiction of the law but is actually defined for the university by the Ministry of Education. Appropriate legislation is needed to prevent abuse of this fiction of the law with the understanding that the president's power of decision should be circumscribed within the constraints of political majority rule.

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The present study investigated how first-year seminars should be designed to support the academic achievements of freshmen. Case examples of course design for first-year seminars were collected from six teachers. On the basis of the results of qualitative arrangement, seven categories were generated and three main principles were discovered: building membership among students in their class, mutual or reciprocal learning among peers and teacher’s facilitation of peer learning, and individualized coaching in addition to teaching groups of students. Examples of course design were consolidated into a scale, and the scale was positively correlated with a safe class climate and the attainment of seminar targets. The relationships among course design, the attainment target of the seminar and a safe class climate were analyzed, and the findings suggested that course design had a greater influence on academic achievement than a safe class climate, and that a safe class climate had a greater influence than instructional design for becoming accustomed the to new college life through the seminar.

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Purpose The training system in specific practice for Registered Nurses was legalized in June 2014, instead of creating a new Nurse Practitioner role in Japan. The aim of this policy paper is to describe the need for Nurse Practitioner roles and discuss a model of Nurse Practitioner graduate education in Japan based on the identified social needs in rural areas. Design Policy analysis was conducted considering national and international aspects. The diffusion of Home Mechanical Ventilation and struggle of family caregivers were used as an exemplar of the disadvantage created by the enactment approach for the long-term care population in Japan. Methods The workforce development of the Nurse Practitioner role and the required graduate education are considered in the context of the technological development and limited supply of Medical Practitioners available in rural settings. Findings Japanese nurses need to be aware that the current enactment approach, i.e. strong medical control, can be seen as role expansion but, equally plausibly in the current form, entrenchment of medical control. Conclusion Further research is needed to explore the potential roles of the Nurse Practitioner in the community setting in Japan to satisfy the social demands of health care and the education required to build capability to perform these roles.

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In active learning, we must focus on learners’ motivation to learn. Since we have both positive and negative motivation in each lecture, we should also be sure to study the negative type. When the negative motivation is stronger than the positive one, that learner will negatively influence other learners. This article focuses on the diversity of motivation. We try to create a new classification of motivation, and insist on the necessity of taking various way of dealing with it. There are many existing theories regarding motivation. But it is hard to motivate all learners by only following those theories. Sometimes instructors need to improve the atmosphere in the room, and sometimes there are problems that can be solved only by learners. It is important to consciously control learners’ motivation so that most learners can learn truly and cooperatively with others during a lecture.

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This paper reports on trends in student participation in the planning and management of university open lectures, based on inquiries to the 25 national universities participating in the Association of Lifelong Learning Centers of National Universities. In response, 15 member universities provided more than 30 cases that could be classified into three categories depending on the form of student participation (in-class or extra-curricular activities, or paid part-time work) as well as the roles that participating students played. These three categories are:
(1) paid part-time work as assistants,
(2) co-curricular activities in class or at laboratories, and
(3) extra-curricular activities such as voluntary group activities or ad hoc student projects.

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In FY 2016, Hokkaido University launched a long-term internship program for undergraduate students in their first and second years in collaboration with the Japan Association of Corporate Executives. In its first year, it was positioned as a special internship program as part of existing undergraduate studies. The program was jointly operated by the Research Division on Higher Education of the Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education and the Career Center of the Hokkaido University Academic Affairs Department. Eight students in total (two first-year and six second-year students) participated in the internships of seven companies.

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The Japanese situation of institutional research (IR) in the university is different from that of the United States because a campus-wide database system has not been constructed. Therefore Japanese IRers expend substantial manpower on efforts to collect data from each faculty member and consolidate them. For IR to demonstrate its true value by utilizing data, I think support of IRer is necessary. The most inefficient work of the Japanese IRer is the basic tasks that should be performed by a computer. Therefore I, a beginner in programming, developed an application that checks for incomplete IR data for IRers. When I checked the IR data of the last year with this application, I found that the values of 4.3% of the cells were incomplete and our IRer understood them. I also checked whether this application was user-friendly by using Fogg’s consumption model.

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Hokkaido University began holding an annual two-day workshop on education for the faculty members in 1998. Since 2007, this workshop has been implemented twice a year, and its target participants have been young faculty members. Since last year, we have held three separate workshops. The purpose of this report is to explain what was done in the 2016 workshops, and to explore the challenges that remain to improve the workshops. The first workshop in June had 21 participants from all over Hokkaido University, the second one in September had 21 participants from Hokkaido University and 6 participants from other institutes of higher education, and the last one in November had 15 participants from Hokkaido University and 1 participant from another institute. This year’s main theme was Active Learning. Each workshop mainly consisted of three sessions about the planning of courses, including lectures and group discussions, and other sessions. The main contents of this report are an overview of the three workshops and the results of questionnaires collected after each workshop.

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Student participation in the management and operation of university open lectures offers a promising approach to revitalize such lecture programs through intergenerational learning as well as providing students with valuable learning opportunities in terms of communication skills and other relevant academic competencies. As part of the Freshmen Seminar course on “Basic Skills for Oral Communication” in the liberal arts program at Hokkaido University, the author trialed a practical training module in which the participating freshmen prepared and delivered short presentations to introduce each of the eight lecturers comprising the University-wide Open Lectures 2016 in front of a general audience. The presentations received favorable feedback from the open lecture participants, and the observations by the author himself and the students’ course evaluation questionnaires indicated that students showed significant improvement in their academic oral communication and collaborative learning skills. Further refinement of the course design is necessary in order to improve the students’ presentations in the open lectures and encourage them to make the most of this practical training to enhance their competencies.

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This study revealed the relationship between generic skills of Hokkaido University students and their academic performance and employment. A progress report on generic skills (PROG) was used as a way of measuring these skills quantitatively and its results were linked with data obtained in a questionnaire survey on their career awareness. The findings included the following. (1) Although the literacy of Hokkaido University students was found to be high, their competency was found to be at roughly the same level as the national average. (2) Although no clear relationship was found between competency and academic performance, prospective employers tended to report higher satisfaction with students who had higher competency scores. (3) Although the competency score was high for students who were trying to act proactively and spontaneously, who were making efforts toward definite goals or who had high interest in other conntries, no relationship was found between competency and their enthusiasm in studies, club activities or part-time jobs.

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How to evaluate a faculty development program and the teaching performance of professors can be problematic. On the one hand, the Higher Education Academy does recognize the professionalism of teaching and learning of professors and has achieved certain results by certifying more than 85,000 fellows since 2006. The evaluation method of the Higher Education Academy is interesting as a successful case. Therefore we visited the head office of Higher Education Academy (HEA) and interviewed their International Team. In this paper, we will introduce overviews of “HEA fellowships” and “HEA accreditation.” All evaluations are based on a detailed framework, the UK Professional Standards Framework (UKPSF), and this framework is composed of three dimensions: Areas of Activity, Core Knowledge and Professional Values. The “HEA Fellowship Categories” evaluates individual professors, not only by educational ability but also their careers in education according to the UKPSF. With “HEA accreditation” this evaluates the programs for professional development and based on what kind of ability is developed through it according to the UKPSF. For applications, you have to produce reports in the form of templates, with evidential materials attached. These are reviewed by a committee that makes a decision on whether to award accreditation.

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The course “Introduction to Environmental Science” was designed and held during the academic year 2015-2016 for new masterʼs course students at the Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University. The course was designed in accord with societal needs such as consensus building for environmental conservation and associated scientific evidence, bringing together a large number of students from various disciplines. The course was composed of six modules in which multiple professors in charge of the modules conducted comprehensive lectures about environmental science. The professor in charge was able to ensure the overall cohesion of the course, i.e. the contents of each lecture and the themes of team discussion and short reports, by negotiating with the professor in charge of each module and the contents of each lecture. In academic year 2016, 127 graduate students attended this course. In conjunction with 13 Teaching Assistants (TAs), they were divided across 25 teams and then engaged in team learning. TAs provided learning support such as external third-party advice and input to team discussions and worked to build trust with students. However, in some groups it proved difficult for the TAs to grade the studentsʼ team discussions due to the psychological distance between the students and the TA. For many of the TAʼs who lacked experience in team learning, engagement in the course proved a valuable learning experience. The answers to a questionnaire suggested that participants acquired valuable experience in team discussions and developed increased motivation to study specific topics in the environmental sciences. How to link this lecture with others in the Graduate School of Environmental Science is a future issue.

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The Preparing Future Faculty (PFF) Initiative (1993-2002) is a project made possible through the partnership of the Council of Graduate Schools (CGS) and the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U). PFF is a training seminar for graduate students who desire to become professors. The initiative aims to develop useful models for PFF and to disseminate those models nationwide. The author conducted research on the experimental programs of four sociology departments, which were funded by the PFF Initiative in cooperation with the American Sociological Association (ASA). Only two sociology departments had active PFF programs; however, all four graduate schools had components of PFF programs in their curricula and graduation requirements. The PFF Initiative has succeeded in transforming the culture of graduate training. However, several problems have been identified with regard to faculty members. The primary goal for a junior professor is to earn tenure and a promotion. However, participating as partner faculty members in a PFF program may decrease junior professorsʼ research time and keep them from achieving their goals. Because the place of PFF in the professorship is unclear, it is sometimes considered to be a pro bono service activity in which only professors with little interest in aʠgenuineʡprofessorship participate. Using Burawoyʼs (2002) model of public sociology, Pescosolid (2008) redefined the professorship and identified PFF as one of the core roles of scholarship and of teaching. His thesis offered strong support for the promotion of PFF.

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In a general information education class for freshmen of Hokkaido University, we used a CPU simulator in order to help students understand the calculation procedure on the CPU. The analysis of the results of a questionnaire concerning the course showed that understanding, interest and motivation with regard to the basic principles of computers were improved by solving exercises using the simulator in addition to textbook learning. As a result of the exercises, it was found that the material was useful not only to understand the principles of the CPU but to promote better understanding of “computational thinking.”

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the teaching and learning processes experienced by university students in Korea and Japan, and compare and analyze the higher education systems of the two countries. For this purpose, surveys were conducted in Seoul National University (SNU) and Hokkaido University (HU) based on questionnaires developed by the Korea Educational Development Institute and the Institutional Research Consortium of the universities, respectively. Approximately 800 students from each university participated. Each of the surveys contained questions in six categories known to affect academic achievement: the level of class participation, extracurricular activities, active learning, cooperative learning, interaction with professors and academic competencies. After the surveys were concluded, the common questions in the two surveys were identified and the results of these questions were compared and analyzed. We found that students from HU had relatively higher levels of interaction with the faculty members, collaborative learning experiences and study hours, but students in SNU scored relatively higher with regard to their attitude in class, and satisfaction with university support, and also had an overall higher score in terms of the average of the learning outcomes. The results of this study will contribute to the analysis of the status of studentsʼ learning processes in the universities in South Korea and Japan, and provide insights into areas that require improvement. They will also help develop concrete measures to improve the quality of higher education in both countries

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This paper attempts to clarify the relationship of university studentsʼ performance with entrance examinations through panel data analysis. Martin Trow (1972) discussed on transition from elite to mass higher education with educational growth. However, he also wrote that some elite education sectors will remain in a mass higher education society. Therefore some elite education sectors or students would maintain their status. Many universities in Japan, including elite universities such as the national ones, have adopted methods for entrance examinations without written tests in these few years. Though Nakamura (2011) pointed out that expansion of the entrance system without the need to apply for entrance to specific faculties or courses of study should be recognized as ʠmass selection,ʡand that we must consider the effects of such systems on elite sectors. Therefore this paper examines how such entrance systems affect elite university students. The panel data used in this paper are from theʠSurvey of the career consciousness of high school students,ʡwhich were collected by questionnaire from 2005 through 2011. The purpose of the survey was to inquire about the career consciousness of high school students, and to follow-up their career situations. I analyzed the academic performance of university students using multiple regression analysis. The results suggested that the dummy variable of an entrance system without written examinations was not significant after controlling for high school rankings and individual academic tracks. In addition, the results showed that female students perfomed better than males in both of elite universities and others. Several recent British studies set the decline in academic achievement and exclusion from the labor market of male students as a social problem (Deborah 2006, Weiner et al. 1997). The results of this paper suggest that we should consider the linkage between the better performance in school and success in labor markets among Japanese women.

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In this paper, we analyze the effects of tutor-student communication on securing an initial job in the Japanese youth labor market. The government promotes higher education reforms aimed at enhancing student advising. In response to these policy decisions, many higher education institutions have introduced innovative tutoring functions such as open office hours, providing academic advice and career guidance. In Japan, however, there is little literature and few case studies on the relevance of these functions to the actual initial careers. This study was undertaken to more accurately measure the effects of tutor-student communication on securing a job. Our study used the longitudinal data set of web monitoring surveys that targets the students of Japanese higher education institutions. The survey was conducted in December 2013 and May 2014. The empirical results show that tutor-student communication in the top public and private universities does not provide students with an advantage in getting an initial job. In contrast, after controlling for potential bias, tutor-student communication in the non-highly selective universities leads to a higher increase in the probability of securing a job. Our findings suggest that we have to implement the good student advising practices used in the non-highly selective universities to promote career education in the broad sense.

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Recently, the number of universities in Japan that have introduced a system in which students give learning support to other students of the same university as one of the ways to improve their education is increasing. The purpose of this article is to examine the following questions: what did those students learn by participating in learning support activities, and what kind of effects does a learning support system have on those students? The case chosen is the Active Learning Advisor (ALA) system of Kanazawa University, which was started in 2015. ALAs provide support to enhance and deepen the learning of undergraduate students in their assigned course in and/or outside class time. The support they give includes facilitating group discussions, giving advice on students’ presentations, research, and papers, and answering questions about the contents of the course. ALA Activity Reports, which ALAs are required to write after they have provided learning support, are used for quantitative and qualitative analysis. From the analysis, two points became clear. First, most of the ALAs thought that the ALA activity was interesting and also meaningful to themselves. Second, through supporting the learning of other students, ALAs learned more deeply about the contents of courses and, at the same time, acquired teaching and generic skills. These are significant because they will likely to affect ALAs’ motivation and learning outcomes of their own studies at the university, and the skills they have acquired will be useful not only while they are university students, but also in their futures.

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In this paper, we extend the competencies framework of education for sustainability development (ESD) to argue that critical thinking should be taught as a core competency and that normative dialogue functions as a key competency. We then develop a pedagogy for teaching these competencies, reviewing the results of our teaching implementation, and drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of both the framework and the pedagogy. We establish the need for education in critical thinking and normative dialogue by rehearsing and building on the history of ESD. We begin by looking at how ESD has focused on competencies to solve wickedly complex problems. In light of this, we propose critical thinking as a core competency necessary for tackling these difficult issues outside of the expertise of specific fields. Building on the Delphi report of the American Philosophical Association, we suggest that this can be accomplished when critical thinking is understood as purposeful, self-reflective judgment that also evaluates the considerations used in making such judgments. We also show that normative dialogue is necessary to bridge disagreements in complex human problems, and should thus function as a key competency. We then turn to our pedagogical approach, which involves teaching critical thinking through introductory sentential logic and fostering normative dialogue skills by familiarizing students with frameworks from both philosophical ethics and contemporary frameworks for human rights. We then describe our implementation at the Center for Sustainability Science of Hokkaido University as four sessions in an Environmental Ethics course. Using pre- and post-test surveys, we then evaluate the effectiveness of our curriculum and hold that our pedagogy needs revision to require more student work as it failed to produce the competencies we sought to foster. Finally, we conclude that further work can be done to refine the theoretical framework as well, clarifying the sort of critical thinking that is necessary for ESD, and considering additional tools to help students better engage in normative dialogue.

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In recent years, problem-based learning (PBL) techniques have been gaining momentum in schools and university curricula around the world. The main advantage of the PBL method is that it promotes creative problem solving, improves cognition and enhances overall thought processes in learners. For most PBL-style programmes, problem solving is at the core, although the notion of problem discovery or problem finding is not seriously considered. In most cases, students are always presented with a structured and welldefined problem, but have no experience of solving an ill-structured problem or ʻwicked’ problem. The present study focuses on problem finding as a critical step towards developing problem solving skills in university graduate students. The study aims at understanding the importance of problem formulation and creativity, and focuses as well on our attempt to teach problem finding as an important tool in the development of creative thinking and problem solving among graduate students. The study is part of a special graduate programme called the Nitobe School at Hokkaido University in Japan, which started in 2015. In an active learning classroom setting, this course is intended to support graduate students in their discovery of illstructured problems, help them to understand their formulation and thereby improve their problem solving skills. We present the results of our teaching method for the first year at the Nitobe School and share our findings through this work.

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This paper examines the short-term exchange program at Hokkaido University called HUSTEP. This program is a main component of the university’s globalization strategy. The core components of the program and the organizational structure are first introduced. The challenges and the achievements of the program are then examined. Finally, the program is discussed in the context of the overall university globalization process.

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Hokkaido University has held a two-day workshop on education every year as one of the main features of faculty development. The main target of this workshop is young faculty members. The main theme of this workshop is to learn how to develop new courses (syllabi). Furthermore, we have chosen an additional theme each year, and that of the 2012 workshops was “Enhancement of Higher Education.” That of the 2013 workshop was “Quality Assurance for Classes.” The 20th workshop was held in June 2012, and had 32 participants from all over Hokkaido University; the 21st workshop was held in November 2012, with 24 participants from all over Hokkaido University and 3 participants from another university; and the 22nd workshop was held in June 2013, with 32 participants from Hokkaido University. The workshops consist of planning courses and special lectures. Planning courses are divided into three elements, goal setting, education strategy setting, and evaluation setting. Each element has three sessions, mini-lectures, small group discussions and a general discussion. Guest speakers gave special lectures about copyright in education (20th-22nd), industry-university cooperation (20th-22nd), the academic support center (22nd) and Nitobe College (22nd). In the answers to questionnaires, participants expressed greater satisfaction with the 22nd workshop than with the 20th and 21st. We consider that the increase in satisfaction is due to the interest in the special lectures.

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We developed a new course in the freshman seminar for the purpose of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and taught it from 2009 to 2013. In this course the students researched and presented topics about global warming, harmonious coexistence, the problem of waste water and sewerage, environmental restoration, nuclear power plants and professional ethics. They also visited various places in Sapporo for their study about the environment. On the last day they made a newspaper about their activity in the course. After the course we presented them with two questionnaires. One was for the ordinary class evaluation. The other was a special questionnaire prepared by us. The results of two questionnaires showed that the average amount of time for they used for homework was increased to about three hours per week. Students were satisfied and wanted to study more about sustainable development.

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This report is written for experts who learn consulting for the first time. It is comprised of basic concepts, procedures, methods, and some notes on consulting. Teaching consulting is not about evaluating the quality of the professor’s lecture. It is about helping the professor evaluate his own lecture and self-reflection. Hence the report contains basic contents about the things that consultants must do.

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The Nitobe College, named after one of the most notable Hokkaido University alumni, Inazo Nitobe, is one of two new programs to promote the globalization of Hokkaido University, which aims to educate a new generation of global leaders. A web-based anonymous cross-sectional survey was carried out to determine how, and how well, the Nitobe College has become known to first-year undergraduate students of Hokkaido University. The survey results provided the Nitobe College with a precious basis for its operations, planning and evaluation in the years to come. Their comments and concerns were pertinent and to-the-point, a reflection of their expectations for the Nitobe College. Effective collaboration between the students themselves and the administrative and academic staffs is the key to the successful future development of the Nitobe College.

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This report considers the significance of learning opportunities furnished by university researchers to community residents through lifelong learning and social education research outreach activities. The subject is a case study concerning the “Workshop of SHIRABEKATA on Earth” (Workshop on How to Examine the Earth), which the Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University has continued to hold since 2011. The workshop is an extension course for community residents. University researchers planned this workshop with the express purpose of participant learning. As a result, at least 25% of the participants are familiar with the theme of each session and with the research being conducted based on their learning at the workshop. The learning processes, achievements and feedback of the community residents participating in the workshop provide the researchers, who also act as lecturers, with new perspectives on their own research. A well-planned research outreach activity such as this is useful as an initial step for a university functioning as a Center of Community (COC) because it helps the university and researchers establish a new relationship with community residents. To achieve this, those engaged in university research outreach activities must understand that such activities provide learning opportunities for community residents. They must also improve their competencies in planning and implementing outreach activities. At the same time, regional supporters of life-long learning organizations need to recognize research outreach activities as new occasions for learning. Furthermore, universities need to function as COCs in cooperation with regional learning supporters to create learning opportunities for community residents.

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The purpose of this study was to determine directions for improvement of teaching based on analysis of student course evaluations. The data analyzed were students’ ratings of courses at Seoul National University, Korea, from 2008 to 2011 (7 semesters). The contents of the research conducted were: 1) comparison of course evaluation items, 2) comparison of all, core and major courses, 3) comparison of core liberal arts, general liberal arts and foundation studies, 4) comparison within the teaching method category of all, core and major courses, 5) comparison within the teaching method categories of core liberal arts, general liberal arts, and foundation studies, and 6) correlation analysis ( ① correlations between individual questions on satisfaction and the average course satisfaction, ② correlations between students’ grades and satisfaction with courses.) The results of this study were as follows. First, inadequacies of the course evaluation questionnaire showed the need for overall modifications to the questionnaire. Second, the clear decrease of satisfaction with core courses specifically indicated the need for improvement of this category. Third, in-depth analysis of the issues with core courses, foundation studies scored the lowest. Fourth, the necessity for improvements of the teaching method category was raised.

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Transactional Analysis (TA) is a theory of personality and a systematic psychotherapy for personal growth and personal change. Because TA can enhance students’ practical abilities of communication and career design, it should be learned as a liberal art. However, it is difficult to teach TA to every student, so I introduced the Moomin stories as teaching materials for TA because the stories are agreeable to everyone and the intention is shared with the goal of TA. TA has seven areas, so I constructed seven units of two lessons each, one for explaining each area and the other for analyzing the story using the area’s knowledge and skills. The effect was assessed via a questionnaire, and the results indicated that analyzing the stories was superior to analyzing oneself with regard to the following five points: easiness, objectivity, carefreeness, deep reflection and variety. However, I need to improve the point of correctiveness. In the future, the effects must be assessed statistically and a follow-up survey needs to be designed.

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With the goal of educating a new generation of global leaders, Hokkaido University established a new program called “the Nitobe College,” which recruited the first batch of 129 students in May 2013. The College is being operated in cooperation with the Hokkaido University Alumni Association, which also nominated a number of alumni called ‘fellows,’ who are in charge of interacting with groups of students, and some of whom will become mentors helping students pursue their career goals. The first meeting of the fellows and the Nitobe College students on Hokkaido University campus in May 2013. To evaluate the effectiveness of this meeting, a web-based crosssectional survey was conducted among the student participants. This report summarized the results of the survey. The findings suggested that the meeting was successful for helping the students build mutual understanding among themselves and with the fellows; however, further periodical meetings are necessary to maintain what they have already built and subsequently develop more interactions and communications among them so that mentoring by the fellows will be effectively established. The use of communication technology can facilitate this process because it will help overcome the difficulties in setting up regular meetings that all of the students as well as the fellows can attend.

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The StraSS Alliance was inaugurated in 2009 at the Center for Sustainability Science(CENSUS), Hokkaido University. This coalition of Asian and African universities was founded to create a global classroom for the teaching of sustainability science. Although many such initiatives exist, the StraSS Alliance differs in that it is truly a shared initiative. All partners are accorded equal status within the alliance, which encourages educational content to flow both ways across the North-South divide. Each member institution in the alliance brings a unique set of values (both knowledge and cultural-based) to the StraSS global classroom. In real-time interactions, students from up to 7 campuses around the world gain a much deeper understanding of how common problems can affect different countries in different ways. This paper outlines the origins of the alliance, its content and procedures, the reasons behind its inception and the process of making it operational. Finally, we consider possible future directions for the StraSS Alliance.

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Five Japanese universities (Doshisha University, Hokkaido University, Osaka Prefecture University, Konan University and Kwansei Gakuin University) worked together in the 2009- 2011 Freshman and Senior Survey for quality assurance and enhancement of college teaching and learning. This activity was supported by a Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Comparative analysis of the 2011 Freshman and Senior Survey focusing on Hokkaido University showed: 1) that general education was good with rich first-year experiences, 2) the credit cap system and encouragement of self-study were working well, 3) the impact of the comprehensive admissions and new general education program, 4) the benefits of general education at a multidisciplinary university, and 5) that the satisfaction, sense of fulfillment and adaptation to university learning were higher among women. In addition, improvement of the career education program is necessary. The Freshman and Senior Survey will be continued for five more years by eight universities with the support of a new MEXT Grant-in-Aid. Through this activity plan advancement of the Institutional Assessment Network is expected.

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Hokkaido University has been holding two-day workshops on management for midcareer faculty members since 2011. It is designed for faculty members who want to enhance their management abilities, and who have worked more than 5 years in their institutes. The first workshop in 2011 did not go well. The participants said that they were unimpressed by the lectures and did not know what they were meant to improve. We thought that this was due to the fact that virtual planning was not challenging. Therefore we redesigned the workshop to deal with real plans for the ongoing “Nitobe college” project. In addition there were other changes to try to establish satisfactory progress. However, these changes did not improve the situation much. We therefore need a fundamental review about the goals of the workshop. Here we report the contents of the second workshop, the participants’ conclusions and the results of a questionnaire.

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The system of the PDCA cycle has been introduced to Japanese universities as in companies. However, the Plan and Check parts are still under development. This paper presents the meanings of several technical words for part of the plan. The admission policy, curriculum policy, diploma policy, curriculum map, curriculum flow chart and course number are introduced as tools for the educational plan in higher education. With this plan, education will be provided at the university and checked using tools such as institutional research.

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‘Graduate school common education’ means a program consisting of classes that are taught commonly among graduate schools in a university. It is practiced mainly at research universities in order to provide liberal arts education and career education at the graduate school level as well as the undergraduate level, and it is an important component of graduate education when a university plans to reform its graduate education. This article first reviews earlier studies about graduate school common education, and next surveys current examples of graduate school common education at universities in Japan. The main part of this article describes graduate school common education at the University of Tokyo, which is different from graduate school common education at most other universities, including that practiced by Hokkaido University and Tsukuba University. The University of Tokyo provides an expensive program, called the ‘Executive Management Program,’ for non-traditional students; that is, businessmen, administrators and specialists, on Fridays and Saturdays. Furthermore, the university provides ‘graduate school intersection programs,’ which should be called ‘sub-major programs’ because students get certificates after finishing them. Traditionally, graduate school education was carried out exclusively by each department as a unit in universities, at what might be called the time of “department education.” Then there was a time when department education and graduate school common education were opposing components of graduate education. After this, graduate school common education has become indispensable as a complementary component that should be added to the main component of graduate education, that is, department education, when a university plans to reform graduate education in order to make it more substantial.

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It has been pointed out that we need to know how to approach and sympathize with patients’ feelings and behavior as health care providers or pharmacists, as well as the importance of ethics education for pharmacists working in the clinical setting. Each university has implemented an ethics training program, such as “visiting a center for mentally and physically disabled persons, nursing facilities, and terminal care patients,” “listening directly to patients suffering from druginduced diseases,” and “simulating physical disability experiences,” which was newly introduced in pharmaceutical education. Our school also employs the above approaches for early on-site training programs for first-year students aiming to nurture their humanity and achieve understanding of “dignity in life” and “compassion.” A case study involving our students suggested that disabilitysimulation exercises, which can help them to understand the feelings of patients and the elderly, contributed to nurturing an ethical view and a sense of responsibility, and motivated them to become friendly and trustworthy pharmacists.

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After providing a perspective of global tertiary student migration, we explain the organisation of the student mobility at the higher education (HE) level in the European Union (EU) with the Erasmus, Tempus and Erasmus Mundus programmes and their associated tools, ECTS, Tuning, networking (particularly that in physics), etc. The mobility at Ghent University is given as an example for more detailed implementation. The mobility strategy up to 2020 for the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) is then given. Finally, the mobility in Japan is treated in general and in particular using the implementation example of Hokkaido University.

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In 2006, Japanese universities introduced a tenure-track system in which assistant professors were expected to focus on research in a more independent research environment. In the tenure track in Japan, pre-tenured professors are assigned a “mentor” who is supposed to assist them in the process of becoming a tenured professor. To construct an effective mentoring program for future faculty members, it is necessary to understand the current mentoring practices and perceptions of senior as well as junior professors about mentoring university professors in Japan. As yet, we know little about these practices and faculty perceptions. This study reports the results of two faculty surveys that examined mentoring practices at Okayama University and perceptions of tenure-track professors and their mentors about mentoring. The results indicated that mentoring in tenure tracks generally focused on enhancing assistant professors’ research accomplishments, although the nature and the extent of the mentor’s involvement in the research project varied and both parties were unsure whether the mentoring relationship achieved its purpose. Lack of understanding of the concept of mentoring and the mentee’s developmental stage as a researcher seemed to contribute to the differences.

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As it has been 9 years since public universities were turned into independent entities, we need to study the current personnel situation of teachers. This paper reports the current situation of the evaluation of teachers’ performance in public universities based on a questionnaire survey. This study is reported as follows: 1) the rules for evaluating the performance of teachers in several colleges are summarized, 2) previous studies are introduced, 3) the results of the questionnaire survey regarding the evaluation of their performance are reported, and 4) some measures are introduced, and the direction for improvement is summarized.

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Robert Andrews Millikan submitted two papers on measurements of the elementary charge of the electron to Physical Review in 1911 and 1913. In the 1911 paper, Millikan disputed the results of Felix Ehrenhaft. Then, in the 1913 one, Millikan manipulated the data to “enhance” the accuracy of his measurements. This manipulation could be described as scientific misconduct. In this paper, I examine the differences in wording between the two papers statistically and analyze the relation between the differences and the change in his mental state from the viewpoint of Transactional Analysis. In the results, there were more declarative expressions in the 1911 paper than in the 1913, and there were more expressions that emphasized the accuracy of measurements in the 1913 work than in the earlier one. From the viewpoint of Transactional Analysis, Millikan’s mental situation changed from the “be strong” driver to the “be perfect” driver and this change led to his data manipulation. If the possibility of scientific misconduct could be detected in papers by this method, we could prevent such misconduct in the review process. In the future, I will examine the relations between wording and the drivers in Transactional Analysis more precisely and develop an automatic system detecting the drivers in scientific papers.

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Hokkaido University began a two-day workshop on education for the faculty members in 1998. Initially we held it once a year. However, since 2007 our workshops have been conducted twice a year and their target has became young faculty members. The purpose of this report is to explain what was done in the two-day workshops held in 2010 and 2011. The fi rst two-day workshop in 2010 had 29 participants from all over Hokkaido University and 2 partcipants from another university; the second one in 2010 had 22 participants from all over Hokkaido University and 7 participants from 6 other institutions. The fi rst one in 2011 had 34 participants from all over Hokkaido University and the second one in 2011 had 28 participants from all over Hokkaido University and 5 participants from 3 other institutions. The main theme was to learn how to develop new courses. Furthermore, we choose an additional theme each year, and that of the 2010 workshops was “Design of Courses and Ethics of Education.” That of the 2011 workshops was “Enrichment of Education in the New Sysytem Introduced in April 2011.” All of the workshops had (1) three sessions about planning of courses, each of which consisted of minilectures, small group discussions and a general discussion, and (2) special lectures about Hokkaido University Open CourseWare (OCW) in 2010 and about the “clicker” tool in 2011. We developped a new style of group discussion using a whiteboard and a computer with a small projector and a small screen put on the wall. The main contents of this report are the syllabi of the courses worked out in the 4 workshops.

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Hokkaido University has been holding two-day workshops on education for new faculty members since 1998. Using these experiences, we have been working to construct a new two-day FD workshop for mid-career faculty members. Finally we started a new periodic workshop in 2011. The theme of this new workshop is management for education. It is designed for faculty members who want to enhance their management abilities to improve education in a variety of situations, and who have worked more than 5 years in their institutes. This workshop, held on December 9-10, 2011, had 20 participants from Hokkaido University and 2 from other institutes. The participants were divided into 4 groups, and each group was expected to solve a given problem about university education. The workshop consisted of 4 main steps: (1) one about background and issues, (2) one about management by objective, (3) one about an agenda for action and (4) one about the personal objective and agenda. Each step consisted of a short lecture, a group discussion and a presentation. We report the contents of the workshop, the participant s’ conclusions and the results of a questionnaire.

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In March and July 2010, Hokkaido University held 5-day workshops named, “Preparing Future Faculty : An Introduction to Teaching and Writing for Graduate Students.” Two lecturers were invited from the University of California, Berkeley. Each workshop had 30 participants, 6 tutors, 1 coordinator and many observers. During the 5-day program, the teaching sessions addressed the question of, “how to promote students’ learning,” especially considering course syllabi, grading rubrics, large lecture courses, and professional standards. Principles to promote students’ learning were not only discussed in class, but were also applied to the workshop itself. The writing sessions dealt with conference proposals, journal articles, abstracts, and editing. Tutors played a crucial role in assisting the participants. They facilitated group discussions in class, answered questions and suggested ways to improve the participants’ work in tutorial sessions. Tutors’ meetings served as the time to solve any issues raised and, more importantly, as the place to transfer skills of experienced tutors to new ones. The workshops were a valuable opportunity for starting to develop teaching and writing skills needed for future faculty. The demand for this kind of opportunity is high among graduate students in Japan. The workshops indicated the importance of providing training opportunities for both teaching and writing. For Preparing Future Faculty programs to take root in Japanese universities, a human resource development system is crucial to transfer the knowledge and skills of experienced lecturers and tutors. In addition, the programs should be prepared in Japanese.

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Most Japanese universities run under the semester system. Some of them, and many other universities in other countries, employ trimester and quarter systems. In this study we collected data about school terms from universities in Japan, Canada, the U.S.A. and England. As the next step, we made models of students in science and literature courses. Then we changed the school term from semesters to trimesters and quarters. In this context, we studied the circumstances for students who wanted to go abroad for a short period. If a student is absent for one quarter to go to abroad, it may be diffi cult to obtain a full year’s credits in the remaining three quarters. This demonstrates the importance of not only the school system but also the total supporting system, including credit transfer for students.

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This paper focuses on the new tuition fee system that was introduced in England in the academic year 2006-07. This system acts as an income-contingent loan: students are not required to pay tuition fees at the beginning of their study, but can start repaying them as tax when their income exceeds a fi xed amount after graduation from the university. In theory, this system gives students from lower income groups the opportunity to attend university because they do not need to provide a large amount of money at the beginning of their study. In addition, the remaining debt of those who fail to earn high lifetime incomes is remitted 25 (or 30) years after graduation, thereby relieving students of their anxiety over their debt. Hence, this paper suggests that this English tuition fee system can give us a fresh perspective in terms of the expansion of opportunities for students from lower income groups.

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Recently, national student surveys related to the assessment of in-class and out-of-class studies have been carried out. The purpose of this article is to examine students’ learning via particular educational practices. This research targeted students who participated in a volunteer activity that was provided by the Hirayama Ikuo Volunteer Centre at Waseda University (WAVOC). Hereafter they will be referred to as WAVOC students. First, I compared WAVOC students with students who participated in national student surveys and examined their campus life. Second, I compared WAVOC students with ordinary students in Waseda University and examined their interactions with their peers, faculty members and others. The main fi nding was that WAVOC students were more involved in out-of-class studies and had more opportunities for interactions with peers, faculty members and others. Thus, participating in such volunteer activity is effective for student learning and development.

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Lifelong education in Korea grew out of the Lifelong Education Act, which was enacted in 2000. To promote lifelong learning for citizens, states and local governments supported educational facilities and encouraged various organizations and businesses to strengthen their support for continuing education. After the Lifelong Education Act was enacted, a lifelong learning city project, the Lifelong Learning Center, supporting lifelong learning for the disadvantaged, was established along with a Cyber University, and a National Lifelong Learning Festival was held as part of the process of expanding the lifelong learning system. In this paper, the governmental lifelong learning policies such as promoting lifelong learning opportunities, the lifelong learning atmosphere, the recognition of lifelong learning outcomes, enhancing the role of lifelong learning institutions and promoting lifelong learning system maintenance are analyzed. Currently, the policy effectiveness, adequacy, equity, responsiveness and appropriateness are evaluated as satisfactory to meet the policy goals. However, the policy level seems to be relatively lower than the other factors. Within the areas of different policies, most of the areas of lifelong learning have been shown to be effective. In particular, supporting disadvantaged groups, the lifelong learning city project, the academic credit bank system and managing lifelong learning centers were evaluated to be extremely effective. On the other hand, the need to reconstruct and integrate the academic credit bank system and self-learning degree system was raised. In the future, the business of improving the role of lifelong educational institutions needs to be further developed and managed. In addition, efforts for activating lifelong education and raising the effi ciency of lifelong learning should be made with connections among various organizations.

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This paper reports the results of a survey conducted to assess the development impacts of USAID-supported aquaculture training programs conducted at three institutions of higher education in Kenya and Thailand. All program participants interviewed reported that they acquired specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes during the training and that it has had an important impact on their professional development. The programs have also had a marked effect on the institutions where the participants now work. Short-term training in the U.S. and short-term training in one’s home country were rated as more effective training models than long-term training in the U.S.

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Modern development of higher education has had a similar affect on the leading universities in Russia and Japan, putting them under the challenge of internationalization. One of the most important aspects of internationalization is the growth in number of foreign students and the necessity to design academic programs in English for those students. In this area, Russian universities may fi nd the techniques of the top Japanese universities to be extremely benefi cial. This work examines the growing impact of English on higher education in general, how the leading Russian and Japanese universities should focus on particular pedagogic objectives of creating courses taught in English, and analyzes two academic programs in English designed at Hokkaido University.

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In July 2006 the Research Group on a code of ethics for education was organized at the Center for Research and Development in Higher Education and, after a year of deliberation, proposed a draft of the Code of Ethics on Education, which will serve as the basis for faculty development activities at Hokkaido University (HU). Based on this proposal, extensive campus-wide discussions were held and in June 2009 the Code of Ethics on Education and the Code of Conduct on Science at HU were enacted. The medium-term goals and medium-term plan of HU for FY2010-2005 says: In order to “enhance the teaching ethics and abilities of the faculty,” we should “1. instill the Code of Ethics on Education, in which the basic policy of HU for the overall education is expressed, in individual faculty members and 2. develop and implement a new standard for the Faculty Development Program at HU.” Every faculty member is required to conduct education and research activities responsibly, supported by high ethical standards, in accordance with the principles of these codes. Published here are the Code of Ethics on Education, the Code of Conduct on Science, commentaries, reports of the discussion and the future agenda.

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This study discusses support for students with psychiatric disabilities and developmental disabilities as a primary challenge in education. The purpose of this study was to show the actual conditions of support and teachers’ awareness about students with educational diffi culties. This study explored assignments and the potentiality of support for students with disabilities. This study method was a questionnaire survey to college teachers. The results indicated each ratio fallen into students with educational diffi culties on the number of students in a classroom group, lecture’s group and supervised’s group. Answers to open-ended questions were analyzed using Trach’s categories of (1997) natural support. College teachers indicated that 10%-20% of students had educational diffi culties. In a group with over 10 years of educational experience and classroom teachers who likely had the most contact opportunities with students supervised’s group ratio of teachers’ awareness about students with educational diffi culties had increased from lecture’s group ratio. College teachers indicated that 6% of students had disabilities and educational diffi culties. Answers to open-ended questions about coping with educational diffi culties suggested that the starting point was “the awareness of teachers” about educational responsibility. This does not involve any special or technical skills, but rather guidance, caring and accommodation.

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Recently, the opportunity for registered dietitians to provide dietary guidance through talks has increased as part of the national effort for the prevention and treatment of lifestyle-related diseases. With this, there has been a greater demand for a move from traditional knowledge-based education in the curriculum of registered dietitian training institutions toward practical education regarding human skills, including interpersonal skills. With the aim of creating basic documentation for the development of an effective education system, in this study we performed an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) on students just prior to their visit to hospitals for off-campus practical training and evaluated their ability to integrate the knowledge and skills obtained from various subjects. In October 2009, we performed an OSCE on 3 problems for 90 third-year students from the registered dietitian course at “T” college in Sapporo city. Using a simulated patient (SP), they performed medical interviews, anthropometric measurements and an interview on dietary intake for fi ve minutes each. Two evaluators graded the skill level and provided feedback to the students regarding both their strengths and potential future problem areas. The medical interview skills of the SP were also evaluated. The average scores from the 2 evaluators were 11.2±2.36 (maximum 20) for the medical interview technique, 3.8±1.39 (maximum 10) for anthropometric measurement skill and 7.4±2.94 (maximum 21) for the interviews on dietary intake. The scores for the recently introduced elements, medical interview technique and anthropometric measurement skills, were found to be signifi cantly lower than those in previous studies, whereas that for the conventional interviews on dietary intake was similar to those of previous studies. In the medical interview examination, the score for the SP was very good at 19.0±1.64 (maximum 22); however, a systematic error was observed in that there was a large difference between the scores from the 2 evaluators. This result suggests that a problem exists in both the evaluation method and the objectivity of the evaluation in this fi eld. For practical dietary education to advance smoothly both on and off campus, specialized staff need to strengthen cooperation to draft a more effective educational program and develop an objective evaluation system.

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My former studies clarifi ed that Finnish education, which has maintained the world’s highest level as shown in an international academic assessment, helps children learn through various kinds of social relations. This study was conducted to examine how a Finnish textbook supports children’s learning. I analyzed the non-mathematical words that appear in the “number and calculation” unit of a seventh grade Finnish mathematics textbook, and determined what kinds of mathematical contexts the words are used in. I found that the Finnish mathematics textbook contained a great many more non-mathematical words than Japanese ones and helps children learn through the social relations that are given by the words. In the future, I will analyze more textbooks and develop some Japanese mathematical materials to support children’s learning through social relations.

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In this age of globalization, some people advocate that professors should teach disciplines in English. Is it necessary to teach in English in the classes where most students are Japanese? I recently had the chance to visit universities in Thailand and Taiwan. The faculties of these universities are also faced with this problem of teaching in English. Many Asian countries have succeeded in economic growth in the last decade. In these countries, at fi rst, higher education was done in English, and then they changed to their own languages. This localization of higher education has contributed to the training of large workforces with professional knowledge. Today, professors as well as university graduates are expected to communicate in English. Therefore, people may think that at least some courses should be taught in English. We cannot help think that it is necessary to teach in English in universities. Otherwise, we will fall behind in the global competition in the advancement of higher education. However, the English of most Japanese professors is not good enough to teach classes, because they did not have chances to learn how to teach in English. This is the case with all the countries where English is not an offi cial language in higher education. The PFF workshop held in July this year at Hokkaido University is an experiment to teach future faculty members how to teach in English.

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"Classes Conducted in English (CCE)" may sound very attractive to some ears. At present , there is a debate at Hokkaido University concerning how to increase the number of CCE. In this paper, I discuss three problems of the current debate on the CCE issue. The first is that no one seems to have been considering the "linguistic (human) rights" of both students and instructors, which is a very serious aspect of what language to use in education. The second problem is that CCE has two potentially conflicting purposes: increased English language proficiency for Japanese students and CCE for international students. The last problem is that CCE, if not properly carried out, may have serious negative effects on the cntire cducation system at Hokkaido University.

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This paper summarizes a survey carried out in February 2010 concerning the “Classes Conducted in English (CCE)” issue in the general education curriculum at Hokkaido University. Among 794 instructors who are teaching a general education class at Hokkaido University, 317 people responded (full time teachers = 257, part time teachers = 59, unknown = 1). The report shows that 116 instructors (about 40% of the respondents) have experience teaching classes in English, and 168 (about 50% of the respondents) state that they can provide CCE (if the relevant conditions are met) in Hokkaido University general education classes. This suggests that it is possible to increase the number of CCE for the general education curriculum if we provide the relevant support for the instructors. At the same time, however, there is a substantial amount of worry about the negative effect of CCE. More discussion seems to be necessary on what CCE is for, what kinds of subjects are suitable for CCE, and what kinds of students are eligible for CCE in the context of the “internationalization” of Hokkaido University.

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This paper reports the results of an English training seminar for a year in the Graduate School of Letters, which was implemented as a part of the faculty development program by the International Assistance Offi ce of Hokkaido University. The author, one of the participants, discusses its multiple effects on undergraduate and graduate course education. Illustrating the condition in which our faculty deals with foreign students, whose number is expected to be more than 20% in the master course and 30% in the doctoral course, I will suggest how to resolve the challenges created by the rapid move towards internationalization, which separates into several dimensions.

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This paper reports a seminar in Nagoya University on August 30, 2010. I presented my experience of attending FD programs to teach classes using English in Hokkaido University in 2009. 1) The faculty development (FD) program for the Graduate School of Letters. We practiced teaching by microteaching. We saw our videotaped demo lessons and checked and improved our ways of teaching. 2) The Leiden University FD program. We learned various methods of FD in English in ICLON (Graduate School of Teaching), Leiden University. 3) Meeting toward a Bilingual University. We attended the meeting, and I presented a demo lesson on Miyazawa Kenji in English. Through the three programs I got some ideas about how to teach Japanese culture in English in my class.

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Amidst the rapid progression of various aspects of internationalisation, having adequate English-language skills is becoming a must rather than a merit, and more and more universities are now offering courses in English. This report traces the development of three faculty development (FD) Programmes for teaching in English at Hokkaido University (HU), and focuses on the characteristics of each programme.(1) It aims to demonstrate the necessity to shift the discussion from the recurring question of “Why encourage offering classes in English at HU located in a non-English speaking country in the fi rst place?” to “How can HU offer more classes in English?” and, furthermore, “What can we do to make it possible?

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This essay introduces a history of Hokkaido University’s preliminary development for founding a writing service for students. The idea was developed by a working group of HU’s International Affairs Offi ce and, after a two-month pilot period, the working group came to conclude that it is necessary to found a writing lab not only for the students, but also for the university’s internationalization. The fi rst section defi nes the writing lab as a place of service for any HU student who wishes to develop his/her written communication skills in English and Japanese as s/he learns the development of an idea, “critical thinking,” with a tutor at the lab. Native-speaker checks will not be a primary task of this service as it has been reported as being intimidating and therefore non-educational. The next section mentions the structure of this service, which consists of a writing lab steering committee, a coordinator, and graduate-student tutors. The following section introduces the outcome of the pilot project and reports that the students’ positive responses and expectations for the start of the “actual” writing lab were overwhelming. In conclusion, the holistic cooperation of the university is required for the success of this writing service if its formal foundation is to be considered seriously. The essay also suggests several practical ideas for its foundation.

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Since 1962, Hokkaido University (HU) has been a member of the International Association of Universities (IAU), the UNESCO-based worldwide association whose aim is to strengthen higher education. In 2009, HU was the fi rst member to invite the IAU to collaborate in the review of HU’s internationalization strategy and processes. The aim of the collaboration was to fi nd means to accelerate HU’s future internationalization, in concurrence with the university’s medium term goals as delineated for the years 2010-2016. The IAU selected fi ve internationalization experts to form a panel to support HU’s internal review by providing direction and feedback. The panel conducted an onsite meeting at HU in January 2010, and in March submitted a fi nal report to the president that included their fi ndings as well as recommendations for change, ways of moving forward, and further action. The underlying message of the fi nal report can be summed up in the following two points: * HU should conduct ‘supportive intervention’ to understand and assist international efforts carried out by each faculty autonomously; and some functions carried out by the faculties should be centralized and new services developed to accelerate internationalization.

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In 2007, Hokkaido University made a change in the system of faculty-development activities. Before the change, the old system consisted of : (a) a one-day course for teaching asisitants in April, (b) a one-day course for new teaching-staff members in June, and (c) a two-day workshop about education for teaching-staff members in November. In the new system the one-day course in (b) was replaced by a two-day workshop quite similar to the one in (c). The two-day workshop in (c) was introduced in 1998 to improve the education of Hokkaido University and it has been held once a year since. We have experienced the new system for two 2 years and met many young participants. The purpose of this report is to explain what was done in the two-day workshops in 2008. The first two-day workshop (in June) had 31 participants from all over Hokkaido University, and the second one (in November) had 31 participants from all over Hokkaido University and 7 participants from 7 other institutions. The main theme was to learn how to develop new courses. Furthermore, we choose an additional theme each year, and in that year's workshops it was to plan courses fascinating students. Each of the workshops had (1) three sessions about planning of courses, each of which consisted of mini lectures, small group discussions and a general discussion, and (2) two lectures, one about the purpose of faculty development and the other is one about the meaning of 'respecting the requirements for credits more strictly' in the first workshop (in June), and one about the various problems of harassment in the the second workshop (in November). The main contents of this report are the syllabi of the courses worked out in the workshops.

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The six-year pharmaceutical program was started in April 2006. Its primary purpose is the training of pharmacists who will support medical care. Future pharmacists not only need advanced expertise and skills, but also strong ethical principles and warm humanity. For the new pharmaceutical program, humanism and ethics are very important themes. To strongly motivate students, early on-site training has been recommended as introductory education in the schools of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, and nursing science. They come to understand the social mission and ethicality of contributing to medical care, and learn about the attitude required of medical personnel by observing various medical/welfare facilities on-site at an early stage after admission. Then they can consider their future courses, and clearly comprehend their reasons to learn. This paper describes the meaning of medical students' on-site care-based training with the backdrop of care for the elderly. We refer to the preciousness of human life, ethics of pharmacists/medical care, and education to nurture empathy, and consider an effective pharmaceutical program.

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The purpose of this paper is to focus on the problem of unpaid college tuition and, after clarifying the existing situation, to examine potential solutions using approaches taken by public high schools as a reference. In recent years, some colleges have decided to tackle the problem of unpaid tuition. As a way of examining possible solutions, discussion was conducted in the following manner. First, the legal aspects of tuition debt were confirmed, and then solutions used at public high schools and national universities were introduced. Next, after carefully reviewing them, "Guidelines on Unpaid Tuition" are proposed as research results of this paper. Although this proposal does not offer a definitive solution to the problem, it can be expected to have an impact at certain colleges.

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This paper examines the necessity of the evaluation of the university staff from the point of view of the staff in light of the environmental changes in modern university management. To improve the quality of the university staff, many universities have introduced SD. At some private universities, grading systems (ability-based grading systems, job-based grading systems, etc.), compensation systems (promotion, salary increases) and evaluation systems have been introduced. However, assessing the introduction of staff evaluation systems and understanding their various aspects differ greatly among universities. Basically, I feel the necessity for introducing such a system provided the method of evaluation is appropriate and is aimed at vitalization of practice. If, conversely, the system were used for the purpose of cutting personnel expenses or arbitrarily misused by managers, resulting in penalizing staff members, I would be against it. Therefore, it is important for those studying higher education to comprehend the actual status and purpose of the staff evaluation system, and also examine the need for it. It is hoped that the system can be effectively utilized owing to the severity of today's management environment and, for that purpose, the system is especially expected to improve the ability of staff members to perform their duties.

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In 2007 we developed two questionnaires for the purposes of the study: one for Specialized Subject TAs and one for teachers who hire them. We hoped to learn more about their circumstances. We surveyed three departments, Information Sience and Technology, Fisheries Sciences and Veterinary Medicine. Especially in these departments TA training was earnestly put into practice. Of the TAs, 85.7% reported that they thought they treated students well, 89.8% indicated that they enjoyed the job, and 57.1% felt that they were suitable for teaching. Among the teachers, 45.8% reported that they guided TAs sufficiently and 29.1% of teachers had been TAs in their school days. After analyzing the data, it was concluded that all TAs who had given lectures felt a sense of fulfillment.

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In 2007 we administered questionnaires to students in two classrooms to collect evaluations of TAs in Hokkaido University. Questionnaires given to teachers are common now but little is known about the evaluation of TAs by students. It was found through these questionnaires that most students were satisfied with the work of TAs, but dissatisfied with inconsistencies between teachers and TAs. About 60% of students felt that TAs seemed to enjoy their work, but about 40% did not hope to be TAs in the future.

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In this paper I examined the effectiveness of university education with regard to the workplace, using methods such as quantitative analysis conducted based on the results of a 2007 questionnaire directed at Hokkaido University graduates. Regarding the issue of whether or not one's university education is useful in the graduates' current workplaces, it became clear that among some groups the effectiveness of university education as it applied to their current employment was held in high regard. These groups included graduates who as students vigorously approached their studies, those who were able to gain specialized knowledge as well as technical and logical thinking skills, and graduates who pursued a career in an area related to their university specialization. As a result, in considering the future of the university education structure, it is concluded that the effectiveness of university education in the workplace can be improved by preparing environments via which students can take the initiative to study.

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Recently, as the importance of basic research has increased, the Korean government has emphasized the research development of the university. The Science Research Production Program that is dealt with in this article is the only Korean fund for basic research supporting all academic fields. The efficiency of the program was verified by the increase in high-quality experts and the nation's competitive power. However, the total amount of the investment is far lower than that of other industrialized countries. In 2008, the total budget of the Science Research Production Program was 380.7 billion Korea Won, a 15% increase compared to 2007. The total budget of the program has been increased every year but the government-offered portion of total basic research funds in universities is only 20% and Korea is almost the same as Turkey in the industry dependence for basic research funds. This indicates that the Korean government should more actively increase the basic research budget so that research can contribute to improving output management efficiency and increase the government investment budget.

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Finnish teachers have high educability and are respected in their society. Although their human skills must enable this situation, they have not been explored systematically yet. The refore I analyzed the interview test of the teacher training course’s entrance examination in Oulu University and defined the four human skills requiered to become an excellent teacher: 1. to understand everything practical and concretely, 2. to think and take actions by oneself, 3. to partaken social interactions and to create such occasions, and 4. to realize one’s social role and ethical responsibility and to devote oneself to the society. In the future, I will reconsider these human skills from a wider viewpoint and examine how these human skills work in the whole education system.

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The School of Veterinary Medicine of Hokkaido University has been trying to improve the teaching capabilities of the faculty members by using funds from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Ministry of Education). In the 2007 academic year, a program for improvement of clinical education in herd medicine was funded by the Ministry of Education. Herd medicine is an area of veterinary medicine that aims to improve both the health and productivity of livestock through the management of their food and housing. Japanese veterinary education is at least 10 years behind North America and the EU countries in this area. The program sends faculty members to veterinary schools in North America and EU countries to learn the advanced education system for herd medicine. Newly appointed faculty members are also expected to participate in clinical work at the university hospital to gain experience and to learn teaching skills based on clinical cases. The experience of the individual faculty members will be shared with other members of our school and also with the members of other veterinary schools in Japan by organizing meetings and distribution of reports.

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Activities of Faculty Development (FD) in the Graduate School of Dental Medicine and School of Dental Medicine of Hokkaido University consist of lectures on FD, workshops on FD and student evaluation of undergraduate lectures. Basically, the lectures on FD are held 4 times every year. The speakers are selected not only from the faculty of Hokkaido University but also from outside the university. A workshop on FD is held once every year. Usually about 30 faculty members of the Graduate School of Dental Medicine participate in the workshop that takes place for two days in a hotel out of campus. The student evaluation of undergraduate lectures is conducted twice every year; i.e., for the lectures in the first semester and the second semester. The lectures and workshop on FD began in 2000, and the student evaluation of undergraduate lectures began in 1997. Many faculty members have participated in the lectures and workshops on FD and made efforts to develop their competence. The student evaluation of undergraduate lectures showed a gain in the score. However, there are a few faculty members who have a negative view of FD in practice.

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The faculty development (FD) meeting began in the Faculty of Fisheries Sciences of Hokkaido University in 1999. In the FD meeting, the faculty members discuss various aspects of education methods, organization, cooperation between the faculty and administrative staff, etc. Orientation of teaching assistant candidates began in 2003. The faculty members also joined this orientation to talk with these candidates. The faculty committee of educational development and executive group for the FD meeting and teaching assistant (TA) orientation were officially established in 2005.

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The third workshop on education in the Department of Health Sciences of the Hokkaido University School of Medicine was held in September 2007. The main theme of this year's workshop was to think about the admission-office entrance examination and transfer-admission entrance examination in the Department of Health Sciences. The workshop had: (1) two lectures, one about the education system in Finland, and one about the current conditions and problems of the entrance examination in Hokkaido University, (2) two mini-lectures about e-learning, (3) two reports about the FD workshops in Hokkaido University in 2006 and 2007, and (4) small group discussions and a general discussion about the admission-office entrance examination and transfer-admission entrance examination in the Department of Health Sciences. It had 50 participants from the faculty of the department. This report contains an explanation about what was done in the workshop

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Hokkaido University School of Medicine held the first Faculty Development (FD) Program for teaching skill in 1992. We have continued it every year since 1998. One Director and about 6 task forces planned the central theme and programs for it every time. Medical education has the unique character that is vocational training. The contents of FD should contain curriculum planning, general instructional objectives (GIOs), subjective behavioral objectives (SBOs), learning strategies and educational evaluation, but it is more important to emphasize the outcome of medical education (outcome-based education).

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Faculty Development (FD) was established as a university commitment from the 2008 fiscal year. The Center for Research and Development in Higher Education of Hokkaido University has held a professional development workshop (from 1998), a workshop for new faculty members (from 1995 to 2006) and a training workshop for teaching assistants (from 1998). These workshops were conducted within and outside the university. However the details of FD in each school were not opened to persons outside the university. In this year our center asked the schools to report information about FD. We combined all of the information and report it here. These data reveal the real activity to develop the educational ability of professors in our university.

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In 2007, Hokkaido University made a change in the system of faculty-development activities. Before the change, the old system consisted of (a) a one-day course for teaching asisitants in April, (b) a one-day course for new teaching stuff members in June, and (c) a two-day workshop about education for teaching stuff members in November. In the new system the one-day course in (b) is replaced by a two-day workshop quite similar to the one in (c). The two-day workshop in (c) was introduced in 1998 to improve the education of Hokkaido University and it has been held once a year since. The purpose of this report is to explain what was done in the two-day workshops in 2007. The first two-day workshop (in June) had 39 participants from all over Hokkaido University, and the second one (in November) had 28 participants from all over Hokkaido University and 6 participants from 6 other institutions.The main theme of this year's workshops was to plan courses respecting the requirements for credits more rigidly. The reason for the choice of this theme was based on the observation that the traditional education system of universities in Japan did not strictly respect the convention that a credit corresponds to 45 hours of study by students, including lectures, preparations, reviews, assignments, etc. Each of the workshops had (1) three sessions about planning of courses, each of which consisted of mini-lectures, small group discussions and a general discussion, and (2) two lectures, one about the purpose of faculty development and one about the meaning of 'respecting the requirements for credits more strictly.' Furtheremore, the second workshop (in November) had an additional lecture about the spirit inherited from Dr. William Clark of the Sapporo Agricultural College. The main contents of this report are the syllabi of the courses worked out in the workshops.

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The nutritional status, growth, and health of children are useful indicators for assessing the ability of a population to adapt to the environment and the extent of this adaptation. These indicators can be used to measure and evaluate the overall nutritional status and health of young children. In Zambia, in southern Africa, drought and unpredictable erratic rainfall are major factors affecting the health and nutrition of the inhabitants, particularly small children. A recent national survey conducted in Zambia indicated that the nutritional status of children was poor because 50% of children between 3 and 59 months of age had stunted growth (extremely short for their age), 20% were underweight (low weight for their age), and 6% showed growth wasting (low weight for their height). By contrast, between 1991 and 2004, data from six cross-sectional national surveys did not show any evidence of effects of drought. Therefore, an intensive, village-level, longitudinal monitoring survey is required to assess the effects of drought on the growth and nutrition of children. We briefl y summarize the growth and nutrition of Zambian children using data from the report of the Living Conditions Monitoring Survey (LCMS) 2004, with special focus on the southern and eastern provinces of Zambia. In addition, we propose a methodology for conducting a longitudinal survey to monitor child growth and nutrition in rural villages in the eastern and southern provinces of Zambia and report a 1-week intensive program to train local health assistants to make anthropometric measurements.

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Koreans today take great pride in their cities attaining the status of learning cities. As of 2007, 76 cities were designated as learning cities by the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development. Learning cities are largely government funded initiatives aimed at improving the well-being of the people through economic progress. This paper traces the development of learning cities in Korea against the background of the global movement to promote lifelong learning and considers the following questions. What makes a city a learning city? How is a learning city defined in terms of its administrative functions and what impact do these have on public perception? How can learning cities be made sustainable? What is it in Korean culture that fosters the development of learning cities? What learning needs/training needs are being created by learning cities?

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In an administrative dietitian training course, we conducted group education with and without expert instruction for the making of anthropometric measurements such as arm circumference (AC) and triceps skinfold (TSF). Nine students underwent group education, including an oral explanation (10 min) and technical practice (20 min) using a manual that included photographs (group A), while eight students received expert instruction from a medical doctor (10 min) and had technical practice (20 min) (group B). This study assessed the two instruction methods by comparing the intra- and interobserver errors and the coefficient of variation between measurements made on two days (days 1 and 2). The intra- and interobserver errors for both AC and TSF were significantly lower in the expert-instruction group. The intra- and interobserver errors were larger for TSF than for AC, and the interobserver error was larger than the intra-observer error. The results suggested that students tended to make measurements at the wrong point repeatedly. In addition, the average coefficient of variation for the measurements on day 2 was significantly lower than on day 1 only for the intra-observer error for AC in group B. The findings imply that the skill at measuring AC and TSF could be improved by repeated practice after expert instruction and suggest the importance of instruction in group education in the administrative dietitian training course.

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A graduate-level introductory course on gender studies started at Hokkaido University in the fall of 2007. This is the second achievement in this field for the university, which introduced a course on gender studies for freshmen in 2002. After considering both domestic and overseas programs, we decided to offer such topics concerning gender as ethics, history, literature, mass media, linguistics, theory, education, economics, law, ethnicity, globalization, biology, reproductive health, and public health/AIDS, and the end of the course was highlighted by an open lecture, Frontiers of Gender Studies: Gender Medicine. The graduate course was taught by 13 professors, 11 from the five Hokkaido University Graduate Schools and Centers and two guest lecturers from other universities. More than 20 students from various majors registered for this omnibus style course. The course was very successful. However, we understand it needs to improve so that students can fully understand issues of gender and apply them to their own fields of study. By pursuing an ideal combination of both humanities and sciences as a research-oriented university graduate school, our gender education program should realize its potential.

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In overseas universities many instructors have begun to use a classroom device commonly called a clicker, which allows students to respond to questions with small keypads. Students answer multiple choice questions projected on a classroom screen by pressing the keys of the clicker. It is reported that clickers increase the interaction with students and improve their learning, but few Japanese instructors use them now. I think we would benefit from the use of clickers but they are expensive. Therefore I made an inexpensive clicker system for testing in the classroom.

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Use of the Classroom Response System (CRS) device called "Clicker" is wide spread among universities in the United States and is now considered an essential tool for teaching. The clicker is introduced for the teaching of a physics class in Hokkaido University, which was its first use in Japan. We will explain the function of the clicker and consider the reason why it is widely used in teaching in the US. We also report the effect on the teaching in the physics class in Hokkaido University.

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We introduced a streaming server system to serve students with recorded lectures in introductory physics. Three cameras were set in a lecture room. A video recorder received one of the three signals through a switcher. One of our staff selected the signal and recorded the lecture simultaneously into a digital video tape. The recorded lecture was converted to digital data with a format of QuickTime. The data was stored in a hard drive of Mac OSX server. Access to the lecture data is available only on our university campus. This reports hows the details of each steps of technique.

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In November 2006, Hokkaido University held the 9th Workshop on Education. This workshop was introduced to improve the education of Hokkaido University and it has been held once a year since 1998. The main theme of this year’s workshop was to plan courses respecting the requirements for credits more rigidly, observing that the traditional education system of universities in Japan was not strictly based on the convention that a credit corresponds to 45 hours of study by students, including lectures, preparations, reviews, assignments, etc. The workshop had (1) three sessions about planning of courses, each of which consisted of minilectures, small group discussions and a general discussion, and (2) three lectures, one about the purpose of faculty development, one about the meaning of ‘respecting the requirements for credits more strictly,’ and one about academic harrasment. It had 26 participants from all over Hokkaido University, 8 participants from 6 other institutions and 8 people of the task force, including the president of Hokkaido University and a lecturer, that is, 42 people in all. This report contains an explanation about what was done in the workshop, especially the syllabi of the courses worked out in the sessions.

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The knowledge-based society and its consequences have brought great changes in higher education. Universities in China are facing challenges from both constant global trends and ongoing domestic social transition. The quantitative expansion and qualitative improvment, in parallel with the relocation of the government’s power and market-oriented resource flow, form a complicated social context and individual institutions now have more flexibility in decision-making and self-governance, though at the same time they have to be more responsible and accountable in doing their jobs. The paper uses macrocausal analysis combined with a case study to depict the complexity of university reform in China. Tsinghua University, particularly its efforts in reforming undergraduate education, will be discussed with the focus on strengthening undergraduate research. Generally speaking, Tsinghua’s major concern in undergraduate education during these years has been to improve quality rather than quantitative expansion, which affects the reformation of training objectives, curriculum development and major strategies in teaching and learning. The paper will show from these three aspects what Tsinghua has tried in practice on the bases of environmental changes and theoretical orientation.

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Internationalization is increasingly becoming one of the most important issues in higher education. Adoption of an international language, i.e. English, has been rapidly increasing in universities around the world. When Hokkaido University was established in 1876, its fi rst curriculum was developed by an American professor and all classes were conducted in English. At present the university’s medium of instruction is Japanese and 90% of the international students, who account for 4% of the total student population, attend classes taught in Japanese. The remaining 10% of the international students enroll in the two graduate programs where the medium of instruction is English. Like most Japanese universities, the main reason why Hokkaido University introduced programs in English with the provision of scholarships was to attract excellent international students. At the Graduate School of Engineering, the use of English as a medium of instruction in its graduate program has played an important role in internationalization of the education itself.

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Although the background for Finnish PISA (Professional for International Student Assessment) success has been discussed from various viewpoints, Finnish education’s view of knowledge has not been reported yet. Its view makes us aware of fundamental problems in Japanese education. In this paper, Finnish education’s view of knowledge and its knowledge acquisition processes are elucidated by comparing Finnish education and Japanese education. Based on this comparison, an improvement plan for Japanse education is discussed.

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The year 2005 was 5 years after the change of the freshman curriculum named the core curriculum in Hokkaido University. The objects of this new curriculum are to (1) improve communication skills, (2) understand diversity in culture and society, (3) develop creative and critical thinking abilities, and (4) acquire awareness of ethical issues and social responsibility. To make the curriculum better, a questionnaire about educational effects was distributed to all students. This survey was conducted in October 2005. The results showed that (2) was developed but had not progressed to (4) via the core curriculum, but (2) and (3) were not effected. Ethical issues and social responsibility are the next educational issues in Hokkaido University.

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This is a report on the analysis of research that was done in July 2006. We sent questionnaires to all the TAs who were working in the lower division of undergraduate education of Hokkaido University and to all the instructors who have hired TAs. When the TA system was first introduced in 1992, we were worried about who would teach TAs and how. Some disliked this new system because it might deprive graduate students of their time to study. The analysis shows that many TAs like their jobs and more than 80% are willing to do the job again. More than 30% of TAs lectured and lead discussions. Instructors think that they are mostly satisfied with their TAs. Of the instructors, 66% tailored their way of teaching to accept TAs in their classes. TAs will become important members of universities. The new role of TAs is being institutionalized in Hokkaido University. It will elevate the character of the graduate students and enhance their ability to cope with problems. It will open a frontier in higher education teaching, and contribute to the advancement of research and training of experts with high intelligence.

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In the year 2006, Hokkaido University introduced a new curriculum and guidelines in the education for freshmen studied with new curriculum at a high school. The high school curriculum decreased the quantity of study to 2/3 compared with before. The guideline shows the standard for grading, using GPA(Grade Point Average) and cap system with which students have upper limit of the number of subjects for each semester. We asked questionnaires to students and professors. The results of the questionnaires for students showed that they chose an elective subject based on a syllabus and the title of it. The ratio of students dissatisfied to subjects in the first semester was less than 10%. The attendance rate is more than 80% in most of the students. The average hours of study at home was around one to two hours in 60% of students. The results of the questionnaires for professors showed that half of them prepared lecture considering the new curriculum. The freshmen look like study harder than before. These results indicated that new curriculum is working well. However the university should familiarize the idea of new curriculum further to all of the students and professors to improve the new education system.

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The Department of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University School of Medicine was inaugurated in October 2004, replacing the former College of Medical Technology. With more advanced and professional education required, the chairman of our department suggested the necessity of original faculty development (FD), specializing in professional education. Consequently, an FD working group (the present FD Practice Commission) was organized in 2005. The group repeatedly discussed the results of a questionnaire survey for teachers, and finally held the first FD workshop in September. The second one was held in September 2006. The results of questionnaire surveys conducted after the first and the second workshops included many positive answers. The FD of our department specializing in professional healthcare education is geared to the professionalism of health sciences and the realities of our department, which is compartmentalized from other FD projects in Hokkaido University. The factor that increases the significance of our FD is that the planning to meet the needs of each teacher and the style in which many teachers can participate in FD are feasible because of the limited scale of our department.

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With the purpose of recognizing the new importance of FD and SD, this paper identifies and discusses the problems of academic institutions that did not incorporate FD and SD and examines new directions for solutions. In recent years, the importance and roles of FD and SD at institutions of higher learning have been emphasized. FD is essential for quality improvement and course work improvement. SD is expected to improve the managerial capability of college administrators. However, there are still some academic institutions that have not introduced FD and SD; thus, we are concerned about the weakening trend in faculty quality improvement, course work improvement, and strategic management of schools. Since it is highly likely that this trend will cause major problems in the future, it is necessary to explore new directions towards finding solutions.

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Japanese students need to learn how to write papers. This is an especially serious problem for students in the first year. But current measures are not sufficient and discussion about how to support the students is needed. This paper aims to report the application of Japanese lessons for foreign students to Japanese students in the freshman seminar and examine the validity of the application. In the ‘Report Writing’ class, Japanese students need knowledge and skill to write objective papers in the appropriate style in the same way as foreign students. The teaching method for foreign students is also effective for Japanese students but how to construct a ‘logical text’ is still a problem that needs to be solved.

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This paper describes the development and evaluation of the Web-based learning system used in our calculus courses since April 2005. The aim of our system is to have stu-dents get a basic mathematical grounding in calculus. A lack of fundamental knowledge would prevent students from concentrating on lectures properly. It is therefore essential in promoting efficiency in lectures to have students learn some important formulas by heart. This e-Learning system also provide a sam-Learning (mobile learning) environment: students can access and have drills on the system via their cellular phones anywhere at any time. The paper outlines the structure of the system and methods we have tried to exploit it. Evaluation by the students is also presented. We briefl y discuss the applicability and possibilities of the system in the last section.

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If a specialist, especially someone belonging to a university, visits a high school or a school of lower stage and gives lectures about his or her specialty, such lectures (or such an acitivity) are called delivery-lectures. Although a high school-college collaboration, especially the deliverylectures, is spreading rapidly in Japan, learning in such a collaboration tends to be one-way from college to high school. To make it supply effects in the opposite direction, we took up deliverylectures designed and performed not by professors but by graduate students. During the activities, the graduate students realized that they got some educational effects such as expanding of their horizons, getting teacher’s mind, understanding the diffi culty of teaching and behaving in a positive attitude. The high school students considered that the lectures were benefi cial and the graduate students had enough ability to teach. These results suggest that delivery-lectures by graduate students are available as two-way learning between high schools and colleges.

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If a specialist, especially someone belonging to a university, visits a high school or a school of lower stage and gives lectures about his or her specialty (resp. classes by experiments), such lectures (resp. experiments) (or such an acitivity) are called delivery-lectures (resp. deliveryexperiments). We report the results of the trial of the delivery-experiments planned and practiced by graduate students. The experiments were conducted to promote friendly exchanges between high school students and graduate students. The experiment comprised DNA typing of the MCT118 locus through DNA extraction, PCR and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In this paper, our purpose is to promote graduate students’ activities as teachers in delivery-lectures and/or experiments instead of busy professors. We describe (1) the procedures from before to after the experiments and experimental circumstances, (2) comments from the high school students, effective points and improvements, (3) considerations for planning and practice by graduate students in the future.

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New technologies are developed one after another, and these technologies are introduced into society consequently. As a result, society is greatly affected in its various aspects and changes. Under these circumstances, policies regarding technologies in society are also required to change. Based on the above understandings, this paper describes a desirable technology policy education in the public policy school, which is expected to foster the ability to create and handle policies under the circumstances of rapid change. It is emphasized that the establishment of universal ideas on how to govern every technology in each society is strongly required as a core of the education as well as for the implementation of the policies.

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On July 28, 2006 the Asahi Shimbun began to critically report the controversy about the Christian Gospel Mission (called “Setsuri” in Japan), and Japanese belatedly acknowledged cult problems on campus. Jung Myung Seok, the founder of this cult, was internationally arraigned by the Korean police on suspicion of rape of female disciples and he escaped overseas in 1999, finally being arrested in China on May 12, 2007. In Korea and Japan there are allegedly several hundred victims. Providence conducted controversial proselytization on campuses and got approximately two thousand members in Japan. They concealed actual information about Providence in terms of the theology, the founder, and organization and set up various sports and cultural circles camoufl aging its missionary work object.
According to the investigation by Asahi News Company, former members of Providence, and the Student Affairs Division of Hokkaido University, Providence has a church in Sapporo and proselytizes on the Hokkaido University campus. Faculty members should realize the fact that students in Hokkaido University are exposed to their masked proselytization. We must also take measures to protect the students’ right to safely study on campus and their freedom of religion.
So far there has been little academic research concerning Providence except for the authors’ report in the monthly Journal “Chuou Kouron,” issued in October, 2006, titled ‘How should we protect students from controversial campus missions.’ I conducted additional research into former members of Providence and herein I illustrate their beliefs and behavior not only for faculty members of Hokkaido University but also for all student affairs offi cials and professors to understand the actual nature of Providence and the risk of their free campus mission.
The contents of this paper are as follows: Chapter 1 introduces the reports and investigations of Providence. Chapter 2 explains the history and theology of Providence. Chapter 3 analyzes the method of recruitment and proselytization of new members and their daily mission work. Chapter 4 discusses the controversial mission of Providence and its harmful effect on students. The last chapter proposes possible measures to confront the controversial mission on campus.

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In November 2005, Hokkaido University held the 8th Workshop on Education. This workshop was introduced to improve the education of Hokkaido University and it has been held once a year since 1998. The main theme of this year's workshop was to plan courses respecting the requirements for credits more rigidly. Our basic understanding about credits given in a university is that a credit corresponds to 45 hour study of students,including lectures, preparations,reviews,assignments etc. The workshop had (1) three sessions about planning of courses,each of which consisted of minilectures,small group discussions and a general discussion,and (2) two lectures,one of which was about the purpose of faculty development and the other was about the meaning of ‘respecting the requirements for credits more strictly' It had 30 participants from all over Hokkaido University,7 participants from three other universities and 8 persons of the task force,including the president of Hokkaido University and a lecturer,that is,45 persons in all.This report contains an explanation about what was done in the workshop,especially the syllabi of the courses worked out in the sessions.

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Soil physical composition is one of the fundamental factors regulating plant growth as well as soil microbes. For the rising expectation to optimize techniques of forestry machinery for sustainable forest managements in Japan, it is essential to assess the effects of soil compaction caused by machinery running on seedlings of afforestation tree species. Since most afforestation tree species interact with soil microbes, such as the symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal fungi, the effects of soil compaction would extend to the relationship between these microbes and planted seedlings. We evaluated the effects of soil compaction on growth and ectomycorrhizal fungi in hybrid larch seedlings. The experimental site was established with no compacted and compacted plots in the Sapporo experimental forest site of Hokkaido University, where two-year-old seedlings were planted. At compacted plots, the surface hardness was 25 kg cm-2 and the bulk density was 1.1 g cm-3. Height growth of seedlings was significantly suppressed, and the dry weight was decreased 50% at compacted plots than that of seedlings grown at uncompacted plots. The dominant group of associated ectomycorrhizal fungi was changed by soil compaction. Our data showed that the effect of soil compaction can suppress growth of seedlings and shape the specific ectomycorrhizal fungal community.

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Except for near visible light waves (about <340 nm), ultraviolet radiation (UV-B and part of UV-A) are harmful to all living organisms due to the destruction of DNA. The Hasegawa film (H-film) was developed through modification and chemical reaction on special film with europium (Eu); the H-film transforms UV-A radiation (300-350 nm) to a near peak photosynthetic active wave (600-650 nm). To understand how to use the H-film in horticulture efficiently, we applied it to crop production in greenhouse facilities. This report introduces the basic information on the H-film and its application for several crops during autumn and winter, when incident radiation is low. Therefore, we tested how to overcome this limited sunlight production environment by applying the H-film. We found tendencies for accelerated growth rates in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea). As we expected, the growth acceleration was clearly observable through autumn and winter even with shorter daylight hours. Also, we will introduce our greenhouse facilities.

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In ecological forest management, it is essential to find compromises between environmental and society's economic demands. In intensively managed forests dominated by clear-cutting, the effect appears beyond the management area. The effects can be seen up to 120m from the clear-cut area. A variety in the size of clear-cuts creates different conditions for birds and biodiversity and might be useful management tool to create a diverse environment on the landscape level. Thinning is a common silvicultural practice in most forests, we found negative short-term effect, however, we do not consider long-term negative impact on biodiversity. Tree retention and deadwood conservation during the final felling is an essential tool for the creation of long-term close-to-natural conditions in forests.

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Elevated ground-level ozone (O3) reduced C-based defense chemicals; however, severe grazing damages were found in leaves grown in the low O3 condition of a free air O3-concentration enrichment system. To explain this phenomenon, this study investigates the role of BVOCs (Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds) as signaling compounds for insect herbivores. BVOCs act as scents for herbivore insects to locate host plants, while some BVOCs show high reactivity to O3, inducing changes in the composition of BVOCs in atmospheres with elevated O3. In this study, profiles of BVOCs emitted from birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) leaves were analyzed, and Y-tube insect preference tests were conducted to study the insect olfactory response. The assays were conducted in June and August or September, according to the life cycle of the adult alder leaf beetle Agelastica coerulea. The Y-tube tests revealed that the leaf beetles were attracted to BVOCs, and O3 per se had neither an attractant nor a repellent effect. BVOCs became less attractant when mixed with highly concentrated O3 (>80 ppb). About 20% of the total BVOCs emissions were highly O3-reactive compounds, such as β-ocimene. The results suggest that BVOCs emitted from the birch leaves can be altered by elevated O3, and, thus, potentially reducing the attractiveness of leaves to herbivorous insects searching for food.

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High concentration of aluminum (Al) ion solubilized in acid soils restrict plant growth. The mechanisms of plant adaptation to Al stress can be separated into Al exclusion and internal Al inactivation. In general, plant species that have developed mechanisms of the former type are called “Al excluders”, and those that have developed mechanisms of the latter type are called “Al accumulators”. Aluminium accumulators are widely distributed in acid soils, particularly in humid tropics. In addition to their geographical distribution, Al accumulators show a wide phylogenetic distribution in plant. Here I discussed physiological characteristics of Al accumulation among different Al accumulator species within various vascular plant taxa. Results from the literature suggested that variation of the Al detoxification and accumulation mechanisms in the tissue of Al accumulators seemed to be small in vascular plant.

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The study compared the reaction of different organism groups to nitrogen pollution near a nitrogen factory. Investigations were conducted in an area affected by a nitrogen fertilizer factory (JSC Achema), in central Lithuania. The study was performed in eight permanent plots established for monitoring purposes at different distances (from 2 to 20 km) from the factory, mainly in a prevailing northeast wind direction. The vascular plants, bryophytes and fungi, including lichens, were recorded. The species number of the different organism groups reacted differently to the distance from the factory. The species number of lichens and fungi increased with increasing distance from the nitrogen factory. The number of species of vascular plants was highest near the factory. The number of bryophytes did not correlate with the distance from the factory. Nitrophilic species, Chelidonium majus, Rubus idaeus, Sambucus rasemosa, and Impatiens parviflora, were most common, especially near the factory. A majority of the macrolichens, including epixylic species, reacted extremely negatively to NO2 and NH3, and species richness and abundance increased significantly farther from the air pollution source. Fungi did not react significantly to higher NH3 or NO2 concentrations in the air, and the distance from the factory was not an important variable.

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Clear-cut harvesting is one of the important types of forest management but is considered to be a large CO2 source to the atmosphere. Understanding how this form of logging affects a site’s CO2 balance is critical for determining appropriate management scenarios, yet we have little understanding of how wood harvesting affects the ecosystem CO2 balance. An experimental clear-cutting and plantation establishment study has been conducted in a cool-temperate mixed forest in northern Japan to obtain a complete series of pre- and post-harvest data on the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) between the ecosystem and the atmosphere until a disturbed ecosystem once more become a net CO2 sink in the annual budget and recapture all the emitted CO2 after the harvest. A mixed forest, which had been a weak CO2 sink, was disturbed by clear-cutting and was replaced with a hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii × L. kaempferi) plantation. The ecosystem turned to be a large CO2 source just after the harvesting in 2003, and the cumulative net CO2 emission reached up to 15.4 MgC ha–1 at 7 years after the harvesting, then the ecosystem turned to be a CO2 retrieve mode (CO2 sink in the annual budget). This ecosystem recaptured all CO2 emission 18 years after the harvesting in 2020, if off-site carbon storage in forest products is not considered. This implies one harvesting operation cause large invisible and long-lasting effect on the forest ecosystem CO2 balance.

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Field-measured forest productivity and its time series are crucial to understanding the impact of climate change on the main tree species increment and stand productivity in general. In this study, the causative relationships between environmental factors, such as O3 fluxes and tree ring width formation, including stem sap flow intensity, in the prevalent Lithuanian tree species (Picea abies (L.) Karst, Pinus sylvestris L., Betula pendula, and Betula pubescens ) growing under different nutritional and moisture conditions in northeastern Lithuania were examined. We hope that this information will help us assess a trees capacity to adapt to and mitigate recent global clima te changes. Continuous monitoring of the tree stem increment from annual to hourly scales was crucial for this study. The obtained data revealed that Norway spruce trees are appropriately adapted to current climatic conditions in temperate forests. Even du ring a drought episode, spruce stem increment exceeded the increment of the rest of the studied tree species; therefore, they had the highest water use efficiency compared to the rest of the tree species in the study. O3 fluxed through the stomata at an ho urly scale, stimulating the stem shrinking process more intensively than inhibiting the swelling process, but only for pine and birch trees. Spruce trees demonstrated the highest sensitivity to O3 because O3 significantly affected the stem swelling process. Pine trees were less sensitive to O3 damage, and birch trees were the least affected. Reduced tree growth intensity and the weak relationship between birch tree radial increment and the main meteorological parameters indicate that birch trees have the lo west adaptive capacity to recent environmental changes of the tree species in this study.

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Due to the disastrous tsunami which occurred along the pacific coastline of eastern Japan, 3660 ha of Pinus thunbergii Parlatore (Japanese black pine) coastal forests were heavily damaged. To restore and recover the functions of these coastal forests, artificial growth berms are being constructed to secure enough space for root growth, especially in the vertical direction. However, due to the use of heavy machinery, the surface soil of the growth berm was packed down and significantly compacted. Compacted soil results in hard soil and is often reported to negatively affect root growth of seedlings. Additionally, in some cases, waterlogging after rainfall is not promptly discharged due to low soil permeability and drainage. As oxygen availability becomes severely limited under waterlogging, this can also negatively affect root growth. Considering these problems, studies have been made to elucidate effects of soil compaction and waterlogging on root growth of P. thunbergii seedlings and broadleaved species which are new candidates for introduction to coastal forests. Furthermore, at some of the restoration sites, plowing of the surface soil is being experimentally done to soften the surface soil and improve drainage. Here, we review results obtained from several field surveys and pot experiments which suggest important key points to realize the healthy root growth of P. thunbergii seedlings at coastal restoration sites.

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Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is an alien species that is commonly planted in devastated lands, parks, residential gardens and is used as a nectar source for bees. However, the Japanese government has designated this species as an “Industrial exotic species under watch" because its rapid growth and reproductive capacity allows it to outcompete indigenous vegetation. Field surveys revealed that the back locust spreads through its sprouting roots and the elongation of its horizontal roots at soil depths between 0 and 10 cm. A practical method to regulate the spread of black locust would be to suppress the development of horizontal roots. Based on a nursery experiment, we propose the use of root-barrier panels to block and suppress the growth of horizontal roots. Monitoring the growth of roots in the field is labor-intensive, so we investigated the impact of root-barrier panels on shoot development by measuring the length of sprouting roots, the decrease in secondary flush, the increase in yellowed leaflets, and impact on plant height in a nursery setting. We concluded that root-barrier panels set at a depth of 30 cm effectively inhibited the growth of the horizontal roots of young black locust less than 3years old.

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Black locust ( Robinia preudoacacia) had introduced form north America for vegetation stability after landslides and forest fires, honey plant, etc. however, this species changes vegetation (plagiosere) with its high growth capacity and reproductive capacity. However, adult trees are easy to fall down after infection of root rot, and to regulate this alien species, native root rot fungi were used in Lithuania. Photosynthetic nitrogen (N) use characteristics of this species had been studying in situ at open and shade sites under larch plantations for regulation of the growth of this species. No seasonal change in N allocation pattern in leaves was found between open and shade site; N should allocate from N L (N in Light Harvesting Chloroplast) to N R (N in Rubisco) in a leaf after shedding of top canopy. To simulate increasing atmospheric CO2 [CO2], we studied on growth and evaluation of symbiotic microbe with black locust grown under a free air CO2 enrichment (FACE). Activities of acetylene reduction of nodule wereaccelerated in FACE (500 ppm). From these results, black locust will increase its growth rate under nutrient poor sites in increasing [CO 2] world, therefore, it is essential to develop the management methods which coexist with black locust.

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The genus Larix (larch) is broadly distributed in northern Eurasia, including Japan and Korea. Larch species are a typical afforestation tree in northeastern China, Russia, Korea, and Japan. Larch and red pine seedlings inoculated with Pisolithus arhizus (earth-ball fungus) have increased photosynthetic rates as well as being acid-soil tolerant. Infecting P. arhizus with a variety of ectomycorrhizae (ECM) accelerated these functions. Under elevated CO2 (about 700 ppm) conditions, larch and pine seedlings infected with ECM showed no down-regulation in photosynthesis and displayed higher growth rates than those grown in ambient CO2 (380 ppm) conditions. Simulated nitrogen (N) deposition (50 kg N hr-1yr-1) increased photosynthesis and growth of F1 hybrid larch for the initial two years. There were no significant effects for the next three to eight years on Brown Forest Soil. Among the three species (Japanese, Dahurian and F1 hybrid larch), the dominant ECM species preferred N. Elevated O3 decreased growth, ECM infection rates, and ECM species diversity; however, elevated CO2 moderated or increased them in hybrid larch F 1. After elevated CO2 and O3 fumigation on F1 seedlings, we found Suillus sp., a larch specialist ECM in F1, which means these ECM will be effective materials for larch plantations.

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Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) is an important afforestation species in the boreal temperate zone. However, this species is sensitive to vole (Myodes rufocanus bedfordiae) gnawing and shoot blight disease by Botryosphaeria laricina. We developed the hybrid larch (L. gmelinii var. japonica × L. kaempferi) to overcome these problems. In addition to improving the resistance to vole gnawing and shoot blight disease, this hybrid showed high wood density and carbon accumulation ability, calculated with DBH, tree height, wood density, and tree number/ha. Wood density is inherited equally from the female and male parents, and growth traits are mainly inherited from the male parent. The hybrid larch exhibited a high Young’s modulus and its expected use was for medium and high-rise buildings. Hybridization rates were higher (84.2 – 94.1%) in a single maternal clone seed orchard compared to a multi-clone female and male seed orchard. We propagated nursery stocks of high carbon accumulating females (named “Clean-larch”) by rooted cutting with hybridized seedlings produced in a single maternal clone seed orchard. The hybrid larch is susceptible to Armillaria root rot. A research task left for the future is to find the optimum method for selecting the planting area for hybrid larch and Japanese larch.

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Forests are valuable resources and essential for both ecosystem and human life. The breeding and genetic resource conservation of forest trees are two important means to secure the sustainability and profitability of forestry and forest management. In this presentation, the author presents the current status of the breeding and genetic resource conservation in Japan, emphasizing some unique approaches in Japan to realize conservation and use of the forest tree genetic resources.

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There are many useful genetic resources as berry crop candidates in Hokkaido, Japan. Representative plant genetic resources are haskap ( Lonicera caerulea; Caprifoliaceae), Rubus idaeus (Rosaceae), Actinidia arguta (Actinidiaceae), and so on. Among them, this manuscript focuses on haskap, showing attractive features for commercial production in the Hokkaido regions. In this manuscript, characterization of the wild genetic resources is described. Both diploid (2n = 2x = 18) and tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36) were found in Hokkaido. Our study showed that tetraploid haskap populations are widely distributed in Hokkaido, while diploid populations are distributed only in eastern Hokkaido. The factors affecting this distribution pattern are now analyzed. As an attempt to improve haskap accessions, interspecific hybridization has been applied between haskap and Miyama -uguiskagura (Lonicera gracilipes), belonging to the same genus as haskap. The interspecific hybrids were fertile and could produce fruits. To characterize the fruit contents of the parental species and interspecific hybrids, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and imaging mass spectrometry were used for detailed analyses.

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Blue-berried honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) as a fruit crop is relatively rare in Lithuania and neighboring countries. Since 1975, the Vilnius University Botanical Garden has collected and investigated blue-berried honeysuckle cultivars. We studied cultivars, genetic lines, and representatives of some populations using molecular marker techniques (RAPD, ISSR, cpDNA). We evaluated the genetic variability and relationships of the studied accessions. Molecular studies indicate that L. caerulea retains high genetic diversity at the intraspecific level.

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The Tokyo Electric Company's Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident contaminated a large area of agricultural land with radioactive cesium. If the contamination levels were high, topsoil removal or inversion tillage were the major countermeasures used to decrease the radioactivity of the soil. However, a substantial level of radioactive cesium remained in the soil, even after decontamination and some fields weren't decontaminated. To mitigate radioactive cesium transfer from soil to plant, we tested increasing potassium levels in the soil. In this paper, we demonstrate how we developed these countermeasures in Fukushima.

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Himalayan subalpine forests with a wide altitudinal range of distribution are ideal target for quantifying the change in biomass dynamics along altitude. We estimated aboveground biomass and coarse wood production rate of subalpine Abies spectabilis forest on a north-facing slope in Langtang National Park, Nepal, over the entire altitudinal range from 3170 to 3820 m a.s.l. We established 36 plots (3251 m2 in total) for closed-canopy stands, and additional sapling plots in open-canopy sites (772 m2) in October 2015. We recorded stem diameter at breast height D and top height H for all trees (H ≥ 2.0 m) and saplings (2.0 >H ≥ 0.2 m). We measured recent five-year radial growth in D for all canopy trees in the plots from stem-core samples and recorded recent three-year height growth of all saplings by annual bud scars on leader shoot. We quantified altitude-dependent change in D-H relationship, by extended allometric equation with asymptotic H. We estimated aboveground biomass (AGB) using an allometric equation between D2H and aboveground tree biomass W. For canopy trees with past D estimates in 2010, we estimated past H from D-H allometry, and past W as well. Based on the change in W, we estimated aboveground coarse wood production rate (CWP) as the annualized increment of AGB for surviving trees. Tree height H of Abies spectabilis at any given D decreased with altitude. Relative growth rate (RGR) of W decreased with W and altitude. RGR of sapling height increased with altitude for taller saplings (> 0.5 m), whereas it decreased with altitude for shorter ones. AGB of Abies trees in 36 plots was 489 Mg ha–1 and CWP was 4.88 Mg ha–1 year–1, indicating relatively slow biomass turnover rate by tree growth (CWP/AGB) at 1% per year. AGB and CWP decreased with altitude. CWP relative to AGB also decreased with altitude. Altitude-dependent decline in canopy height, AGB and CWP/AGB suggests adaptation to ambient conditions for the maintenance of forest structure.

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Nivkh is a language isolate currently spoken by no more than fifty speakers in the lower Amur region and on the Sakhalin Island. This article presents Albina Akimovna Yushkina’s ideas on the Nivkh orthography, phonotactics, grammar, and lexicology in Nivkh and Russian. Albina Akimovna Yushkina (born in 1947) is a native speaker and a former schoolteacher of the Amur Nivkh variety. We have supplemented the original text with a linguistic analysis by adding the transcription of the Nivkh text in IPA, the English translation, morphological glossing, and extensive comments on the text1.

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ニヴフ語はアムール川の下流とサハリン島で少数の母語話者により話されている孤立した言語である。この論文はニヴフ語とロシア語でアルビーナ・アキーモヴナ・ユーシキナ氏のニヴフ語の正書法、音素配列論、文法と語彙論に関する考察を紹介している。アルビーナ・アキーモヴナ・ユーシキナ氏（1947年生まれ）はニヴフ語アムール方言の母語話者であり元学校教師である。我々はユーシキナ氏の原文にニヴフ語テキストの国際音声記号による表記、英語訳、形態素分析と広範なコメントを含む言語学的な分析を追加した。

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While heritage is important to all societies, Indigenous peoples and other minority peoples have long had little control over their heritage as a result of colonialism and other historical disruptions. This is further complicated by the fact that Indigenous conceptions of heritage are generally very different from those of the dominant population. In order to more fully protect and respect their heritage, which is essential to their identity, worldview and wellbeing, we must recognize two things: 1) that heritage must be viewed as an essential human right, and 2) that the disrespect for or loss of Indigenous heritage places must be viewed as a type of violence against people. Also discussed is the impact of cultural appropriation on Indigenous lives. The paper concludes by offering some general recommendations for addressing these challenges.

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遺産はすべての社会にとって重要であるが、先住民族やその他の少数民族は、植民地主義やその他の歴史的破壊の結果、長い間遺産をほとんど管理することができなかった。さらに先住民族の遺産に対する概念は、一般に支配的な人々のそれとは大きく異なっており、この問題はさらに複雑化している。彼らのアイデンティティ、世界観、幸福にとって不可欠な遺産をより完全に保護し尊重するために我々は、以下の2点を認識しなければならない。1）遺産は本質的に人権と見なされなければならないこと、2）先住民族の遺産の場所を軽視したり失ったりすることは、人々に対する一種の暴力と見なされなければならないこと。また文化的流用が先住民族の生活に与える影響についても論じること。本論では、これらの課題に対処するためのいくつかの全体的な提言を行なっている。

抄録
アイヌ民族を巡る諸実践の中では「アイヌとは誰か」が問われることがある。このように問うことは、同時に（あまり意識はされないが）和人とは誰かをも問うことになる。そうした当事者性は、人によっては自明のものとされ、あるいは微妙な問題とされ、正面から議論されてこなかった。特に、和人性について問うことは、しばしば強く拒絶される。また、アイヌ性についても、十分検討されたことがなく、当事者間で混乱や衝突が起こることもある。アイヌ・和人のいずれも、明確な定義はなく、またどのような定義からも漏れる者がいる可能性がある。
ただ、定義はおくとしても、マジョリティの地位に立つ者がいることは事実であり、その立場を「和人」と名づけることは重要である。そして和人性を問うことなく、議論から離脱することは、アイヌや他の民族的マイノリティが抑圧されている現状を支持することに繋がる。
こうした問題意識に立ち、本稿では3つの点を取り上げた。第1節では和人の当事者性を語ることの困難と、必要性について論じた。第２節では、アイヌの当事者性を意識させる要素について整理して例示し、家族としての（血縁を必須とはしない）繋がりが重要であることを述べた。いっぽう、体質についてのネガティブな見方や健康上の問題、貧困などは、現状では民族的アイデンティティと密接な関係にあるが、民族性を超えてより広く当事者性を設定できることを論じた。第3節では、野口（2012）の議論を元に当事者性の絶対化・相対化の意義を論じた。当事者性は固定的なものではなく、様々な局面で議論の目的によって戦略的に固定化・相対化しつつ設定される。同時に、アイヌ社会の一員であっても、当事者的要素の多くを持たないこともある。こうした多様な経験を持つアイヌの代表性を考える際、様々な属性をトータルに代表しうる者は想定しにくく、問題の局面ごとに、最も周縁に置かれている（問題に直面している）人々の声が聞かれるべきであることを述べた。
　付論Ａでは文化の真正性について検討した。文化的な実践の場ではアイヌ文化の「正しさ」が語られることが頻繁にあり「正しいアイヌ文化」を保持していることが、アイヌの当事者性を示すと理解されることもある。そこで、この領域の先行研究を紹介しつつ真正性を考える際の論点を整理した。
また、マジョリティによる無意識の抑圧的な言動や、当事者性をめぐって疎外が生じる局面について、具体的な事例に即して理解できるよう、当事者同士の対談を付論Ｂとして収録した。

抄録
The question of "who are the Ainu" is sometimes asked in the various practices concerning the Ainu people. To ask this question is to ask who the Japanese are at the same time (although this is not often considered). The question has not been discussed head-on, because it is considered self-evident or a delicate issue by some people. In particular, the question of Wajin is often strongly rejected. Ainu identity has also never been sufficiently examined, which sometimes leads to confusion and conflict between the parties concerned. There is no clear definition of either Ainu or Japanese, and it is possible that there are people who fall outside of any definition.
However, even leaving definitions aside, it is a fact that there are people who stand in the position of the majority, and it is important to name this position "Wajin". It is important to name such a position as "Wajin," and to leave the discussion without questioning the nature of Wajin is to support the current oppression of the Ainu and other ethnic minorities.
With these issues in mind, this paper addresses three points. In the first section, I discussed the difficulties and necessity of discussing the partyhood of the Japanese people. In the second section, I summarized and gave examples of factors that make Ainu people aware of their relatedness, and discussed the importance of family ties (not necessarily blood ties). On the other hand, I argued that although negative views of one's constitution, health problems, and poverty are currently closely related to one's ethnic identity, it is possible to go beyond ethnicity and define partyhood more broadly. In section 3, I discussed the significance of absolutizing and relativizing partyhood based on Noguchi's (2012) argument. Partyhood is not fixed, but is strategically fixed and relativized in various aspects depending on the purpose of the discussion. At the same time, even members of the Ainu community may not have many of the elements of partyhood. When considering the representativeness of the Ainu people with such diverse experiences, it is difficult to envision anyone who can represent all of the various attributes, and the voices of those who are most marginalized (facing problems) should be heard at each stage of the problem.
In Appendix A, I discussed the authenticity of culture. In cultural practice, the "authenticity" of Ainu culture is frequently discussed, and maintaining "correct Ainu culture" is sometimes understood to indicate Ainu partyhood. In this paper, I introduce previous research in this area and summarize the issues involved in considering authenticity.
In addition, in order to understand the unconscious repressive words and actions of the majority and the aspects of marginalization that occur over the issue of partyhood, I have included a dialogue between the parties concerned as Appendix B, in order to provide an understanding based on specific cases.

抄録
本稿は北海道大学が作成・配布する「北大キャンパスマップ」に掲載される学内諸施設の名称をアイヌ語訳する作業の過程および訳案と、作業過程での議論をまとめて記録し、今後に残すものである。既存の語彙にない表現の翻訳としては、ウポポイ（民族共生象徴空間）で行われて来た展示・表示のアイヌ語化と通じるところがある。ただし、ウポポイでは日本語表現もアイヌ民族を主体とする表現を検討する余地があったが、本作業は和人を主体として長年使用されて来た語句を如何にアイヌ語化するかという視点を含んでおり、よりラディカルな形で脱植民地化というテーマに接近したものとなった。そのため、一致点を容易に見いだせず、狭義の言語学的翻訳論における議論のみでは不十分であることが浮き彫りにされた。なお、作成の過程では和人研究者（佐藤）とアイヌ民族に出自を持つ研究者（北原および複数名）が協議し、それぞれの立場からの議論を行ったが、議論は主として、現在用いられている日本語名称をアイヌ語訳する際の言語学的な精緻化、およびアイヌ民族の視点を反映させた訳の検討、そうした視点の必要性の３点について行った。なお、参考のために海外の同様の事例も検討することとし、サーミ語とフィンランド語の事例について、寄稿を受けて紹介することとした。本稿はこれらの議論を踏まえ、１から３は佐藤が、４はイヤスが、５から９は北原が執筆した。

抄録
The present paper deals with a number of linguistic, cultural, and social issues that arise when translating Japanese documents into Ainu. The Ainu translation of the "Hokkaido University Campus Guide Map" was organized by the Public Relations Division of the Hokkaido University Head Office. It was carried out in cooperation with a non-native researcher of the Ainu language and native Ainu researchers from other research fields.
Firstly, we explain different kinds of linguistic problems related to this work, especially, linguistic interpretations which were needed to create new accurate wordings. In addition, we deal with problems other than linguistic ones, for example, dealing with the translation of names of historical facilities and memorials on the grounds of Hokkaido University.
While discussing, we found that there were disagreements on how much historical information should be reflected in the translation. These issues of disagreement prove that further research from various academic points of view, for example, philosophy, ethics, and history, will be necessary for the revitalization of the Ainu language.
Furthermore, the case of Sámi, an indigenous language in Finland, is referred to in the report. Their experience with the general Finnish community offers a guiding example on how to deal with Ainu revitalization activities in the future.

抄録
現在、アイヌと「共生」という用語は頻繁に結び付けて語られるが、多義的に解釈される言葉である「共生」の意味や、その内実についての議論はほとんど存在しない。本論では後に二風谷(にぶたに)ダム裁判となった、貝沢正(かいざわただし)の二風谷ダムの問題に関する最晩年の記録などから、二風谷ダム問題における貝沢の「共生」の内実を探った。その結果、貝沢にとっての「共生」のナラティブは、アイヌの生きた土地と人々の尊重のためであり、ローカルな文脈に依拠し具体的に語られていることを見出した。また当時の事情に鑑みてアイヌの生きていることへの承認が急がれたため、テレビのインタビューで貝沢はステレオタイプ的な「共生」を語っていた。一見、矛盾するかのように見えるこの二つの「共生」のナラティブは、貝沢の中ではアイヌを尊重するという思いから来たもので実は矛盾ではない。「共生」の二つの側面を見ることで、今後のアイヌと「共生」の議論に貢献したい。

抄録
At present, the term ‘coexistence’ (kyōsei) is often associated with the Ainu, but there has been little discussion about the actual meaning and substance behind the term, which is usually interpreted ambiguously. This paper explores the substance behind Kaizawa Tadashi’s use of the term ‘coexistence’ in the records that he took in his last years concerning the Nibutani Dam issue, which later became the Nibutani Dam trial. It concludes that Kaizawa’s narrative of ‘coexistence’ was told in a specific local context, out of respect for the lived experience of Ainu land and people. Due to the urgent need to recognize the Ainu’s existence in view of the circumstances at the time, Kaizawa also expressed a stereotypical version of ‘coexistence’ in an ETV television interview.
At first glance, these two narratives of ‘coexistence’ seem to be inconsistent. However, for Kaizawa, they both come from his deeply felt respect for his fellow Ainu. Through examining these two aspects of ‘coexistence,’ I hope to contribute to future discussions about ‘coexistence’ with the Ainu.

抄録
本論は、日本人初の解剖学教授である小金井良精が関わった国際的な先住民族の遺骨交換についてオーストラリアの研究者との関係から取り上げたものである。具体的には、オーストラリア国内の博物館に残された資料と小金井良精に自身による日記の記述を対比することで、交換されたアイヌ民族の遺骨の由来と履歴を検証した。また日豪双方で関与した研究者について検討を加え、先住民族の遺骨が国際的に交換された背景の解明を試みた。

抄録
This article focuses on the international exchange of Indigenous remains involving prof. Yoshikiyo KOGANEI who is the first Japanese professor of anatomy, in relation to Australian researchers. Specifically, it examines the origin and history of the Ainu remains exchanged by comparing materials in Australian museums with Koganei's own diary. In addition, by examining the researchers involved, I attempt to clarify the background to the international exchange of Indigenous remains.

抄録
セデック語（オーストロネシア祖語アタヤル語群）の二つの方言、パラン方言とトゥルク方言の同源語を比較し、どちらか一方に化石接中辞が付加されている形式を調べた。化石接中辞には、語根の語頭子音直後に挿入されるものと、最終音節の母音の直後に挿入されるものがあり、それぞれを化石前方接中辞、化石後方接中辞と呼ぶ。化石前方接中辞はオーストロネシア諸語に広くみられ、歴史的重複語に挿入されることが多いという特徴があるが、その機能はよくわからない。ただアタヤル語群の場合は歴史的重複語以外に化石前方接中辞が挿入される例が多い。一方、化石後方接中辞はオーストロネシア諸語の中でもアタヤル語群（アタヤル語とセデック語）にのみ見られる。こちらの機能もよくわからないが、化石後方接中辞は化石前方接中辞よりも大きな音韻的変化をもたらし、語根の原形をほとんどとどめないため、隠語を造る働きがあったのではないかと考えられる。本稿はアタヤル語群祖語における化石前方接中辞を*<əl>、*<ən>、*<əR>と再建した。また、アタヤル語群祖語における化石後方接中辞は*<ra>と再建される。

抄録
This study compares two dialects of Seediq (Atayalic, Austronesian), Paran Seediq and Truku Seediq, and identifies fossilized infixes in their cognates. Each of the cognates discussed in this paper displays a fossilized infix in, either Paran Seediq or Truku Seediq, or both. Fossilized infixes are categorized into three types: a fossilized front infix which is inserted after the initial consonant, a fossilized central infix which is inserted after the middle consonant, and a fossilized back infix which is inserted after the final vowel. This paper deals with the fossilized infixes seen in Seediq; that is, fossilized front and fossilized back infixes. Through a comparison with fossilized infixes in Atayal (Atayalic, Austronesian), the fossilized front infix is reconstructed in Proto-Atayalic as *<əl>, *<ən>, or *<əR>. The fossilized front infix is widely observed in Austronesian languages. This paper demonstrates that it is usually inserted into reduplicated stems; however, Atayalic is peculiar in that the fossilized front infix is rarely inserted into reduplicated stems. On the other hand, the fossilized back infix is only seen in the Atayalic languages.
Their function is uncertain; however, they could have been used to create a secret language as infixation causes a radical phonological change to the extent that the original word can not be retrieved. Through a comparison of the fossilized back infixes in Seediq and those in Atayal, the fossilized back infix in Proto-Atayalic is reconstructed as *<ra>.

抄録
昨年二〇〇九年、通称「アイヌ施策推進法」が成立し、「アイヌの人々が主体となった研究」をすることが、官民挙げての課題となった。しかしアイヌが研究の主体になることは、当時主流であった戦後史学の目的論的な、発展法則的な歴史観とはあいいれないことや、アイヌ側からの資料に乏しいなどの理由があって、特にアイヌ史研究では立ち遅れてきた。本論では90年代までアイヌの諸運動のけん引者として著名だった貝沢正のアイヌ史編さん事業について、まず本論の筆者である“私”と貝沢の関係に由来する視座と資料について述べる。そして、他に例がないほど、「アイヌ側から見たアイヌ史」に固執し、三度ものアイヌ史の執筆・編さんにとりくんだ貝沢正のかかわった、ウタリ協会（名称当時）発行の『アイヌ史』（全五巻）をその失敗例と見て、同じく貝沢が執筆・編纂の責任者であった『二風谷』をその成功例と見て、「アイヌ側から見たアイヌ史」の可能性を探る。

抄録
Alongside the passing of the Ainu Policy Promotion Act in 2019, “research in which Ainu are the (initiating) subjects” became a government assigned task of national policy. However, Ainu becoming the (initiating) subjects of research has always been inconsistent with the teleology of postwar history writing in Japan and its developmentalist view of history. There has also been a lack of available materials from the Ainu themselves and Ainu historical research has fallen behind other fields. This paper describes the perspective and resources that originate from the relationship between the author of this paper – “me” – and Kaizawa Tadashi, a driving force behind Ainu movements up until the 1990s. It examines Kaizawa’s efforts to edit an Ainu history project. The paper looks at Kaizawa’s persistence in trying to create an “Ainu history as seen by the Ainu” – of which there are almost no other examples. It investigates his three attempts at writing and editing an Ainu history. The paper, in its exploration of the possibility of “Ainu history as seen by the Ainu”, concludes that the Ainu History (5 volumes) published by the Ainu Association of Hokkaido was an example of failure, and Nibutani an example of success.

抄録
近年台湾政府の進める原住民の工芸・芸術支援は、これまで公的な場にアクセスを持たなかった原住民の人々を可視化し、その社会進出を促したと評価される一方、原住民文化の象徴的な利用、商業化の促進により、むしろ原住民の伝統知識や彼らの主体性を蔑ろにしてきたとも指摘されてきた。原住民文化を通じた開発に向けられるこの指摘は、原住民の人々にとって「発展」が何を意味するのか、という点からこの状況を捉え直す必要性を示している。　本稿では、台湾中部でのフィールド調査をもとに、手工芸開発の対象となった原住民女性たちが、支援に対して協調、対立、無関心といった態度をとりながら、多様な仕方で開発との関係を取り結んでいることを明らかにする。ここから、手工芸を通じた「発展」が、政府の目指す発展と単に合致／矛盾するものとしてでなく、彼らの固有の経験や歴史と結びついた「生のプロジェクト」との関わりで捉えられていることを指摘する。

抄録
The government's current policies of supporting indigenous arts and crafts have been credited with making people that were previously without access to the public sphere socially visible. However, it is also argued that aboriginal culture's symbolic use and commercialization have somehow neglected their traditional knowledge and subjectivity. These criticisms on developing aboriginal culture suggest the need to rethink the meaning of "development" to indigenous people. This paper, which is based on field research in central Taiwan, shows the diverse methods in which indigenous women relate to development through their collaborative attitudes, confrontation, and indifference to craft development projects. The findings suggest that "development" for indigenous women is not merely something that aligns with or contradicts the government's development goals but is a "life project" related to their history and experiences until the present.

抄録
先住民考古学“Indigenous archaeology“ は、北米やオセアニア、北欧を中心に先住民族と考古遺産をめぐる諸問題に注視し、多様な議論を展開させている。その課題は先住民族の権利と深く関わることも指摘されているところである。本論では先住民考古学が考古学の一領域としてある程度定着しているアメリカ合衆国を事例として取上げ、先住民考古学の成立の歴史的過程と文化遺産をめぐる法制度の変遷との関係を考察した。またアメリカ合衆国における先住民考古学の整理基盤を確認することで、そこで提起される課題が、必ずしもアメリカ合衆国に固有のものではなく、日本を含む他の先住民族を抱える諸国の考古学においても共有可能なものであることを指摘した。

抄録
The overarching goal of Indigenous Archaeology is one of the applied archaeological information and material heritage from the perspective of Indigenous peoples and descendant communities. Indigenous Archaeology was originally developed in North America and Oceania, and emerged from 1960's as a part of wilder movement to restore rights to Indigenous peoples. The driving forces for the establishment of Indigenous Archaeology were efforts to overcome the influence and legacy of imperialism, racism, and colonialism, which were deeply rooted in traditional cultural historical archaeology, and to some extent, in efforts to create processual New Archaeology. In the intervening decades, much progress has been made. Archaeologists working in the 21st century now routinely discusses cultural heritage management, the politics of interpretation, ethical stewardship, indigeneity, and the decolonization of archaeological practices. As a result of these changing circumstances, Indigenous Archaeology has now become a central theme in global archaeological theory and practice. The purpose of this paper is to first reflect on the historical background of Indigenous Archaeology in the English-speaking countries, and to highlight the common issues and developments that unite this discipline. For example, the history of archaeology and Indigenous peoples in the United States illustrates that the process of establishing a conservation system for Indigenous heritage was only possible after that the movement for restoration of basic Indigenous rights has been successful. In contrast, in East Asia, including Japan, the relationship between the recognition of Indigenous rights and the establishment of Indigenous Archaeology is less well still understood, despite the fact that the local situation has many similarities with other parts of the world. This paper highlights the need to find common solutions to these universal issues, rather than to present them as specific problems that are unique to practical countries. Highlighting the universal nature of these issues also emphasis their urgency, and that they need to be resolved within the current generation. Finally, the paper also argues that Indigenous cultures persist and also change, and so should not be stereotyped. The capacity to interpret and the utilize heritage and archaeological information as a part of a living cultural tradition is also an important rights and properties for Indigenous communities. In conclusion, finding effective ways to ensure deeper Indigenous participation in the full process of heritage research, management and conservation is an urgent requirement.

抄録
In Atayalic languages (Austronesian), including Atayal and Seediq, one’s full name is expressed by a patronymic system. For example, Kumu Watan literally means “Kumu, the child (daughter) of Watan.” This paper reconstructs the patronymic system of the Atayalic languages by dissecting personal names into a root and attached elements such as a fossilized personal article y- and a possessive marker na. Regarding the fossilized personal article, y-initial personal names and kin terms in Atayal (e.g., Yumin [a male name], and yama “son-in-law”) are compared with those in Seediq, which lack the initial y (e.g., Umin [a male name], ama “son-in-law”). The initial y in Atayal derives from the personal article i only when the root begins with the back vowels, a or u, and the attached i became y by resyllabification. This initial y- is referred to as a “fossilized personal article” in this paper. That marker seems to have lost its function as the personal article since these y-initial personal names or kin terms can further be preceded by an element derived from the personal article i, i.e., i (a nominative case marker), ni (a genitive case marker), and ki (a coordinator). One example is k-i Y-umin “with Yumin.” There is other evidence that the fossilized personal article y- is dropped under certain conditions, such as direct address and the attachment of the possessive marker na, and the prefixation of ka- “late.” In addition, this paper examines extensive data of a patronymic system recorded in Atayalic genealogies (Utsushikawa et al. 1935) in order to investigate the actual occurrences of the fossilized personal article and the possessive marker. Based on these analyses, the patronymic system is reconstructed in Proto-Atayalic.

抄録
アタヤル語（アタヤル語群）に見られる父子連名制は、例えば Kumu Watan「Watanの子、Kumu」と表現するが、中には Yawi（男性の名）が親の名として用いられると Nawi に変化するという特殊な変化を伴う人名があり、 Yang（ 1957）は母音から始まる人名には人称標識 i が語頭に付着すると分析した（i-awi > y-awi）。親の名は母音から始まる人名に所有標識 na- が付いている（na-awi > naawi > nawi）。本稿はこの分析を補足し発展させる。まず、この y はアタヤル語において語根が母音 a と u で始まる場合に付着する。次にセデック語（アタヤル語群祖語）の人名では語頭の y が見られないことを述べる。アタヤル語には人称標識 i から派生された機能語に接続詞 ki があり、ki Yumin「ユミンと」などと表現するが、ki の後に y から始まる人名が現れるため、y- は人称機能を失い化石化しているといえる（化石化した人称標識 y- はある条件下で脱落する）。本稿はさらにアタヤル語群の家系図中の人名データを調べ y- や na の現れ方をまとめた。以上の分析を基にアタヤル語群祖語における父子連名制を新たな試みとして再建した。

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2019年5月に施行された「パワーハラスメント防止法」に関連して示された指針と行政通達は、法の運用にあたって「外国人である」属性が考慮要件とされることを明示している。つまり、職場におけるレイシャルハラスメントのうち、一定の人種差別言動が、事業所による措置義務の対象になった。「身体的な攻撃（暴行・傷害）」、「精神的な攻撃（脅迫・名誉毀損・侮辱・ひどい暴言）」、「個の侵害（私的なことに過度に立ち入ること）」など、指針が示すパワーハラスメントの類型ごとに、外国人であることを理由としたハラスメントの具体的内容を検討・例示した。また、措置義務対象となるパワーハラスメントを構成する3つの要件、事業主が講ずるべき措置、講ずることが望ましい措置について、人種差別問題の観点から考察した。これら、措置義務対象となるパワーハラスメントを予防するためには、「グレーゾーン」のレイシャルハラスメントを把握し、適切対応を行うことが重要である。本稿は外国人であることを理由としたハラスメントに関する考察だが、ミックスルーツ／マルチルーツの人たち、アイヌの人たちに対するハラスメントも、パワーハラスメント防止法の措置義務対象となり得る。全ての人種的マイノリティの働く権利を増進するために、法に基づく措置義務を企業が積極的に果たしていくことが重要である。

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The guidelines and administrative notices issued in connection with the Power Harassment Prevention Act, which came into effect in May 2019, explicitly state that the attribute "being a foreigner" will be a requirement for consideration in the operation of the Act. As a result, certain types of racial harassment in the workplace are now subject to the obligation of business establishments to take measures. For each type of power harassment indicated in the guidelines, such as "physical assault (assault and injury)," "mental assault (threats, defamation, insults, and severe verbal abuse)," and "infringement of the individual (excessive intrusion into private matters)," the specific content of harassment on the basis of foreign nationality is examined and gave exanple. In addition, the three requirements that constitute power harassment subject to the obligation to take measures, measures to be taken by employers, and desirable measures were examined from the perspective of racial discrimination. In order to prevent power harassment that is subject to the obligation to take measures, it is important to understand the "gray zone" of racial harassment and to take appropriate measures. Although this paper is concerned with harassment on the basis of foreign nationality, harassment against mixed-roots/multi-roots people and Ainu people can also be subject to the measures required by the Power Harassment Prevention Law. In order to promote the right to work of all racial minorities, it is important for companies to actively fulfill their obligations to take measures under the law.

抄録
本稿では、先住民と主流社会の和解の可能性と、その社会的影響をテーマに取り上げ、考察する。カナダとオーストラリアでは、１９９０年代から和解が大きな社会的焦点となってきた。両国の、植民地の歴史はいずれも１８世紀に始まり、先住民が暴力をうけるなどの苦しい経験をし、文化を剥奪され、人口を大きく減らしたことなども共通している。特に、１９７０年代まで両国で続けられた強制的な子どもの引き離しと、寄宿学校での強制を伴う教育は、先住民の人々に悲劇的な結果をもたらした。その結果、多くの人々が現在もつづくトラウマに苦しんでいるのである。このような事実は、これも両国で１９８０年代に注目を集めるようになり、国家的な調査がおこなわれ、和解への提言がだされた。そしてさらに、２００８年には両国の首相が公式謝罪をおこなっている。このように、両国の和解に向かう経緯は大変類似して見えるのだが、細かくその内容を検討すると、相違点も見えてくる。本稿は、和解に向かう経緯での相違点を指摘し、その違いが与える社会的影響と意味について検討、考察する。それにより、先住民との謝罪、ヒーリング、そして和解の役割を、我々がより深く理解することをめざす。

抄録
This paper is to examine and understand the social function and possibility of reconciliation between the indigenous population and mainstream society. Both in Canada and Australia, reconciliation has become an important social focus since the 1990s. The colonial history of them is similar in many ways. It started as a settler society mainly from England in the 18th century, and the indigenous population experienced harsh colonization and the deprivation of culture. Especially, the forcible removal of children from their home to educate them in boarding schools which continved until the 1970s left the tragic result for the indigenous population. Many still struggle with trauma. It attracted social attention and became a major social issue since the 1980s. Major national researches were held and they made recommendations for reconciliation. And in 2008, Prime Minister in both countries made an official apology. Thus, their procedure and timing look very similar, though, the detailed examination enabled me to find some differences. I will point out these differences in the procedure of reconciliation and examine the meaning of and the effect of them. I expect it will benefit us to understand the role of apology, healing and reconciliation with the indigenous population.

抄録
本稿では、北米先住民の「歴史的トラウマ」に関する先行研究を検討し、この分野で今後必要と考えられる視点を得ることを目的とする。「歴史的トラウマ」は、これまで先住民が現代文明に適応できない証として考えられがちであった健康格差が入植者の非人道的なふるまいによってもたらされたものであることを指摘した点において大きな意味をもつ。だが、近年では「歴史的トラウマ」論に対する批判もある。第1に、「歴史的トラウマ」に関する研究の多くが「歴史的トラウマ」を受けた集団はすべて何らかの機能不全に陥ることを前提として進められている。第2に、「歴史的トラウマ」の議論は現在の状況を説明する際に過去の事象に着目する一方で、現在でも引き続き人々が直面している抑圧の構造は等閑視されがちである。「歴史的トラウマ」概念のアイヌ研究への応用を考える際には上述した批判も念頭に置きながら進めていく必要がある。

抄録
In this paper, I review prior studies on historical trauma among Indigenous societies in North America. Historical trauma is a very important concept in Indigenous studies in that it suggests health disparity is caused by settlers’ deplorable behaviors. However, there are some criticism against this concept. First, studies on historical trauma tend to assume that all groups under such trauma inevitably show historical trauma response, including depression, alcoholism and drug abuse. Second, discussions on historical trauma focus on the past traumatic events as an ultimate cause of health disparities, they tend to disregard the effects of on-going structural inequalities. If we are to apply this concept to Ainu studies, we should be aware of warnings raised by the prior studies.

抄録
世代間トラウマ、未解決の悲嘆、癒し、安全空間の概念は、北米の研究者の著作の中では、ポスト植民地時代の先住民社会の文脈の中で展開され、大いに議論されてきた。これらの概念は、先住民社会が直面し、植民地化の過程で影響を受け、彼らの社会的・経済的・政治的構造、世界観、生計、文化、そして彼らの存在に破壊的な影響を与えている、さまざまな精神的・社会的問題の説明と解決策を見出すことを意図して導入されたものである。本論文は、上記のような概念を日本の先住民族であるアイヌの文脈の中で議論するための試みであり、アイヌのトラウマ反応やそれに紐づく談話についての更なる考察を提案し、癒しと安全な空間の創造という枠組みの中で、アイヌ社会に特化した適切なアプローチ方法を開発することを提案するものである。2013年からアイヌのアイデンティティ研究に携わり、アイヌ関連のイベントや集会、文化的慣習に参加し、アイヌの配偶者としてアイヌの人々との交流を重ねてきた筆者の観察をもとに、このテーマに焦点を当てていきたい。

抄録
This paper is an attempt to broach the concepts of colonial/historical trauma, unresolved grief, healing, and safe spaces for discussion in the context of Ainu, the Indigenous people of Japan. It suggests consideration for further attention on traumatic responses and narratives among Ainu, and the development of appropriate and specific ways of approaching those responses through a framework of healing and the creation of safe spaces for Ainu society. Though the concept of trauma has been largely discussed in the context of post-colonial Indigenous societies, especially in the works of North American researchers, this literature is mostly unavailable for Japanese language speakers due to a deficiency in discussions on this topic in Japan. Awareness of intergenerational trauma caused by the consequences of colonial policy may suggest explanations of the situation Ainu are facing as individuals and as a community, encourage reconsideration from a different angle of colonial historical legacy, and may contribute to reconciliationwithin Ainu society and with the ethnic Japanese majority by breaking the silence revolving around colonial and post-colonial narratives.

抄録
本稿では、先住民研究において重要な知見を提供してきた歴史的トラウマ概念を取り上げ、アイヌ民族研究における有効性を考える。現代のアイヌ民族の文化状況は、近代のそれとは大きく変化し、偏見や差別を引き起こす文化的差は減少してきていると考えられる。その反面、民族性の違いに起因する疎外感やアウティング（属性の暴露）に対する恐怖といった状況はそれほど変化しておらず、それがアイヌのとしての自己肯定感を持ちにくい状況を生んでいる。歴史的トラウマと、スティグマの概念を導入することによって、こうした状況の説明が可能になる。　次に、トラウマを可視化することと、その解消が研究上・政策上の課題であることを述べる。従来のアイヌ政策では、こうした悲嘆・トラウマの存在やその治癒が意識されないか、軽視され、もっぱら文化振興に重心がおかれてきた。文化の喪失とトラウマは、連動してはいるけれども完全には重ならず、文化を回復すれば差別による問題も解消するわけではない。今後の政策においては、文化復興とは別にトラウマの解消に取り組むこと、その際、他の差別やハラスメントにおける加害防止プログラムなどを参照すべきことを提言する。

抄録
This paper reviews the concept of historical trauma, which has provided important insights in indigenous studies, and examines its application to Ainu studies. The present-day cultural situation of the Ainu people has changed dramatically from that previously in the modern age, and the cultural divide that has caused prejudice and discrimination against them is considered to have narrowed. Even so, Ainu continue to feel a sense of alienation due to their ethnic differences and fear outing themselves (i.e., exposing their ethnicity), making it difficult for them to increase their sense of self-esteem as Ainu. The introduction of the concepts of historical trauma and stigma makes it possible to spell out these situations.This paper then discusses how visualizing and healing trauma is a challenge in Ainu studies and Ainu policy. Heretofore, the Ainu policy of the government has focused entirely on cultural promotion, paying no attention or giving short shrift to their grief and trauma and to their need for healing. The loss of culture and trauma are closely related, but do not always overlap. That is, cultural revival does not solve the problem of discrimination. In future Ainu policy, I propose that, separately from cultural promotion, the government eliminate trauma by referring to programs designed to prevent other discrimination and harassment.

抄録
著者らは，福岡県内に存在している（いた）サイエンスカフェについて情報収集し，特に継続的 に運営している（いた）サイエンスカフェを抽出することにより，過去14 年間にわたる福岡県での 「継続的サイエンスカフェ」の開催状況を明らかにした．また，それら「継続的サイエンスカフェ」 の多くが，「研究者」によって運営されている（いた）ことが分かった．加えて，より長期的に運営 されている（いた）「継続的サイエンスカフェ」に着目することにより，特定会場での開催がサイエ ンスカフェの継続性に関わる可能性がみえてきた．過去のサイエンスカフェの開催記録は，主に開 催案内・開催報告がインターネット上にのみ存在している場合が多い．現代における文化・実践の ひとつとしてのサイエンスカフェを，調査分析し，より広範に比較可能とするために，また，後年 分析可能な形で記録を継承するためにも，個々のサイエンスカフェ運営者による実践記録とその公 開促進の事業化が望まれる．

抄録
社会の持続可能な発展をにらみ，博物館における学際的な教育研究が社会の持続可能性へどのように寄与し得るのかについて，議論が活発化している．ことに理工系大学・学部では科学技術の社会実装に際し，科学技術コミュニケーションの重要性が増しているため，大学博物館も科学技術コミュニケーションへの貢献が期待されている．そのような現状において，海外の大学博物館ではオブジェクト介在型学習（Object-based learning）による分野横断型学習の可能性に注目が高まっている．欧米を中心に博物館教育の文脈で育まれてきたオブジェクト介在型学習であるが，わが国では学術的枠組みにもとづく実践例が乏しい．本稿ではオブジェクト介在型学習の再考にあたり，大学博物館のコレクションを用いた分野横断型学習としての有効性を検証し，科学技術コミュニケーション活動の一手法としてどのように一般化できるのかを明らかにすることを目的として，理工系大学の大学博物館における養蚕・製糸風景の描かれた錦絵のキュラトリアルワークショップを実施した．その結果，オブジェクト介在型学習は学生の知識習得および共同作業について有用であることが明らかにされた．本研究により今後，オブジェクト介在型学習の多種多様な事例研究が展開されることにより大学博物館の教育研究に資するとともに，科学技術コミュニケーション活動を通じた学術・文化コモンズとしての大学博物館の機能が一層高まるであろうことが示唆された．

抄録
The museum functions as an academic and cultural hub that fosters education on collections and objects. Students learned about the value of objects and recognized the importance of preserving them and passing them on to future generations. The curatorial workshop helped develop cross-disciplinary learning as the participants were from two faculties including agriculture and technology. The students specifically discussed the museumʼs special nishiki-e collections, which depicted the sericulture and textile landscape, and, through a multisensory engagement, were receptive to this object-based learning. Additionally, they were asked to state their opinions on both the objects and current developments in sericulture and the textile industry. These objects clearly supported the studentsʼ understanding of their value and the importance of their preservation. Finally, the students went on to their respective departments/laboratories and shared their learning and experiences in the museum, stimulating further discussions. This study illustrates the power of cross-disciplinary learning through and with objects in generating movement throughout a parent institution to benefit the future sustainability of objects and collections.

抄録
筆頭筆者は，2021年3月，高校1年生と2年生を対象に演劇を用いた科学技術コミュニケーション実践「私たちが機械だった頃」の録画動画を教材に用いた「討論と評決」の授業を対面で実施した．「討論と評決」は科学技術の社会実装に係る倫理的・社会的問題を扱った動画を上映・鑑賞し，その内容に基づいて生徒同士が意見交換を行う授業構成になっている．本授業の目的「多様な意見を知ること」には，協働的な学びを通じたシティズンシップ教育としての側面がある．このように「討論と評決」は科学技術コミュニケーション実践をシティズンシップ教育に応用した事例とみることができる．本報告は「討論と評決」の設計意図，授業工程と工夫，具体的な授業の構成，授業後の生徒の自由回答結果を挙げ，科学技術コミュニケーション実践が中等教育のシティズンシップ教育に応用可能であることを示す．

抄録
This report describes an availability of science and technology communication content for secondary education. It is based on the classroom practice by the author using the movie of the science event. The object is to make students exchange their ideas and get to know the diversity of the thoughts of their peers. This practice includes the element of citizenship education and therefore can be a case that the movie for science and technology communication was used as a material for citizenship education. To describe the availability, this report shows the purpose and plan of the class and questionnaires to students who participated in the class.

抄録
2020年度CoSTEP修了式の記念講演会で，西浦博先生，岸田直樹先生に，コロナ禍での科学技術コミュニケーションの意味についてご講演いただいた．未曾有のパンデミック下で，社会に向けていかなる情報発信の形が重要かについてお話いただいたが，同時にお二人の話には，この機に市民を含む社会的構成員の「役割」の再確認，再構築が必要だというメッセージが含まれていたように思う．この「役割論」は，熟議をさらに進める上でも，今後の科学技術コミュニケーションの重要な課題となるだろう．

抄録
筆者は総合診療医・感染症医として診療の現場に立つだけではなく，一般社団法人Sapporo Medical Academyを立ち上げ，医療コンサルタントの仕事も行なってきた．2020 年以降は，札幌市の危機管理対策の新型コロナウイルス担当参与を務め，行政とともに対策にあたるとともに，個人として新型コロナウイルス感染症の情報をTwitter やマスメディアで積極的に発信してきた．本講演では，まず札幌市の新型コロナウイルス対策を振り返る．次に，新型コロナウイルスの問題は10年前からあった医療における様々な社会課題が顕在化したものであり，薬剤耐性菌の問題や2025 年問題など，より広い視野で医療の問題に取り組むことが次の10 年に向けて重要であることを述べる．また，これらの問題や筆者の経験をふまえ，論理だけではない，信頼や共感といった感情的要素をも重視した発信の重要性を紹介する．

抄録
筆者は理論疫学の専門家として，新型コロナウイルス感染症対策専門家会議の傘下であるクラスター対策班で，新型コロナウイルス感染症の分析および対策に関する提言を2020年2月から7月まで行った．会見発表だけではなく，Twitter での発信も行うなかで，コミュニケーションの専門家の支援も受けた．現在の日本では，科学と政治の関係性が幼弱であり，専門家による政治への踏み越えや，政治による専門家への責任転嫁など課題が多い．このような状況を経た今，科学技術コミュニケーターが果たす役割は非常に大きなものになると思われる．科学技術コミュニケーターには，科学が発すべきメッセージの中枢のデザインにまで大きく影響を与えるような専門家になっていただきたいと希望する．

抄録
「サイエンス・カフェ札幌」は，北海道大学CoSTEP が2005 年から札幌市内で定期的に実施してきたサイエンスカフェである．新型コロナウイルス感染症感染拡大の予防措置として，2020年7月の第111回からオンラインでの開催に切り替え，「サイエンス・カフェ札幌｜オンライン」という名称でYouTube Live にて6回実施してきた．本稿ではまず，オンライン化の際に重視した設計方針について報告する．その上で，従来の対面式の「サイエンス・カフェ札幌」とオンライン化したサイエンスカフェの参加者アンケート結果を比較し，参加者層の変化やイベント評価の特徴を分析した．その結果，オンライン化したサイエンスカフェでは遠隔地からの新規参加者の増加，壮年層の増加，文系層の増加がみられた．一方で青年・高齢層の減少や，アンケート回収率の悪化といった傾向がみられた．

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This report shows the difference of audience between online science café and offline science café by analyzing these audience. Science café Sapporo is a science cafe that Hokkaido University CoSTEP has regularly held in Sapporo since 2005. For the purpose of preventing the spread of COVID-19 infection, we has switched to online holding Science Cafe Sapporo since July 2020. This report reports on the practice of bringing Science Cafe online. In addition, we have collected similar questionnaire from audience at offline and online Science café Sapporo and was able to compare the differences of audience between them. As a result, an increase in new audience from remote area, an increase in middle-aged people, and an increase in humanities were observed at the online science cafe.

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仙台市内には，科学館や天文台をはじめとした科学系博物館が多数設置されている．宮城教育大学理科教育講座では，校外授業としてこれらの施設を実際に訪れた後に，科学系博物館を活用した理科の学習指導案を作成する授業として理科教育学演習を実践してきた．2020 年は，新型コロナウイルス感染症（COVID-19）の世界的な流行の影響により，日本国内においても小中学校・高等学校・大学など多くの学校で臨時の休校や対面式授業の中止，オンライン授業への切り替え措置が取られた．そこで，理科教育学演習で訪問対象とする施設の1つを，国立科学博物館によって2020年に新たに作成されたWeb コンテンツ「かはくVR」に設定し，オンラインによるリアルタイム授業で学習指導案の作成を行なった．一般に授業と聞くと対面式による教員と学生あるいは学生同士の直接のコミュニケーションをイメージすることが多いと思われる．今回の試みによって，学生・教員・かはくVR 担当者の3者による「協働のプロセス」により，新たに作成された教材：かはくVRの具体的な改善につながった．この一連の流れは，3者による「共創的」な「イノベーション」であると評価できる．

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サイエンスアゴラ2020（2020年11月13日～22日）をオンラインで実施した結果より，大規模な科学コミュニケーションに係るイベントのオンライン開催に関するメリットと課題をまとめた．テーマ「Life」の下で実施された102 企画では，研究者からのCOVID-19 に関する話題提供や，参加者同士の新しい暮らしに関する議論が行われたほか，オンラインの特性を生かした地域からの中継や現場ツアーが行われた．オンライン化により参加者数は増加し，その属性も多様化するなどプラスの変化があった一方で，会期の長期化で事務局業務が増大しており，企画数と会期のバランスの取り方を含め複数の課題も明らかになった．オンライン実施の費用は，特設サイトの設置や配信会場の確保，Zoom アカウントの払い出しなど，新たな運営項目が生じ，平常時と大きく変わらなかった．オンライン開催でもリアル開催と遜色のないように，出展者・参加者の利便性を追求しながら，より参加しやすい仕組みを構築するためには，同種のイベントの知見の蓄積・共有が欠かせない．

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宇宙線探究活動「探Q」では中高生を対象に宇宙線検出器を配布し，研究者と大学生が探究活動のサポートを行っている．コロナの感染症拡大で中高生の自由な課外活動・探究活動が制限される状況下でも，大学生メンターとのメンタリングを通したオンラインでのサポートを行ってきた．現在では国内外の21校の学校から78名の中高生が互いにオンラインで交流しながら探究活動を行っている．本寄稿ではどのようにして活発で中高生主体のオンライン共同研究を構築できるのかを考えるべく，3名の中高生と3名の大学生メンターによる探究活動に関するオンラインコミュニケーションに関する対談を行ってもらった．

抄録
Cosmic ray exploration network called “tan-Q”, distribute handmade cosmic-ray detectors for secondary school students and support their research activities with online mentoring by university students in Covid-19 situation. In this network, 78 students from 21 secondary schools dedicate to research work with online communication. In this article, three secondary students and three mentor university students had a conversation about how their online communication work.

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「はこだて国際科学祭」は，北海道南西部・広域はこだて圏（函館市，北斗市および七飯町の2市1町）を基盤とする，地域のサイエンスフェスティバルである．2009年から毎年夏に定期的に開催しており，JST による支援が終了した後も自主財源を確保して事業を継続，はこだての地域に根ざし，楽しみながら科学を身近なものとして親しむ市民イベントとして定着している．これまで例年のべ10,000人を超える多くの人々が集う恒例イベントとして，地元での認知度を向上させてきた．ところが2020年度は，新型コロナウイルス感染症（COVID-19）の世界的な流行に伴い，多くのイベントが開催中止，延期等の大幅な軌道修正を迫られた．「はこだて国際科学祭」においても例外に漏れず，一時はイベントの開催そのものが危ぶまれていた．この状況下において，「はこだて国際科学祭」はいち早くオンライン化に向けた新たな科学祭のイベントスタイルの可能性を見出し，オンラインで科学祭を実現するに至った．本稿では，コロナ禍の中で開催した，はこだて国際科学祭2020の設計と実践の経験を通じて得られた，オンライン開催のメリット／デメリットについて報告する．

抄録
筆者らは，これまでに対面形式で実施してきた市民参加型ワークショップの実践経験をもとに，2020年度に3回（8月に1回，2月に2回）の市民参加型ワークショップをオンライン形式で開催した．本稿では，これらワークショップの設計プロセスや具体的な運営方法について報告する．基本的にはオンライン形式にあっても，対面形式で実施してきたワークショップと同様に，グループ対話の時間と会場全体での論点共有の時間を組み合わせるという構成を活かしつつ，グループファシリテータの役割や情報提供資料「対話ツール」の形式について，オンライン形式に適したものとなるように検討を重ねた．オンライン形式で対話型の催しを実施する際，参加者同士のやりとりをどのように促すことが可能か，アナログ的な要素をどこまで盛り込むべきかなど，既存の対面形式での経験を直接応用することが困難な事項も少なくない．今後，多様なワークショップの実践例が記述され，それが集積することで，科学技術をテーマとした対話型の催しをオンライン形式で実践する際の課題や重要な点についての議論が深まることが期待される．

抄録
近年，参加者それぞれが，新たな視点や科学との関わり方を見いだすことのできる，対話を伴う科学技術コミュニケーションが注目されている．その実践では，科学技術に対する参加者の意見や知識を説明者や他の参加者が把握するとともに，参加者と説明者が共同で新たなアイデアや視点を生み出すことが重要な目的となる．本報告では，著者らのUTaTané における一連の活動から2つの実践例を紹介する．これらの実践では，当事者性・受容可能性・柔軟性の3点に配慮した実践設計を行った．さらに，参加者の創作活動を対話の起点とすることで，参加者と説明者の双方が新たなアイデアや視点を見出すことを目指した．結果として，知己の者同士の直接的な対話だけでなく，初対面の者同士の対話や掲示された創作物を通した間接的な対話など，多様な形態の対話が実現した．特に，参加者が自発的に話題を提供することで，他の参加者や説明者が新たな視点を得る場面もあった．加えて，「きっかけから探究への一気通貫のデザイン」が対話を伴う科学技術コミュニケーションを行う上で重要であることが示唆された．これらの実践と考察は，参加者の相互交流や参画を促す実践を行う上での試金石となり，実践を組み立てる際の一助となることが期待される．

抄録
In recent years, science communication with dialogue has been paid attention to so that each participant can find new perspectives, knowledge, and how to interact with science. In this type of communication, it is essential to understand the participantsʼ perspectives and create new scientific ideas. This paper introduces two practical activities of us as UTaTané. These practices were designed in consideration of three requirements: individuality, acceptability, and flexibility. Starting from creative activities of participants, both participants and staffs can discover new ideas and perspectives. As a result, not only direct dialogues between acquaintances but also between people of first meeting and indirect dialogues through posted comments were realized. Especially, participants spontaneously brought up the topics, from which other participants and staffs obtained new perspectives. In addition, it is suggested that “coherent design from interest to inquiry” is one of the essential factors for interactive science communication. It is hoped that these practices and considerations will serve as milestones for promoting interaction and participation for science communication.

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宇宙分野の政策は専門性の高さゆえ一部の専門家のみで形成されているが，一般市民の声を反映させ公共の議論を促す手法を確立する必要がある．本稿では，2018 年度後半に実施した，賛成反対の対立軸を明示し話者を2名立てる「対論型サイエンスカフェ」の概要・流れと具体的な事例報告を行う．対論型サイエンスカフェでは対立軸をもとに意見変容の様子を可視化し，議論の進展とともに複数回参加者と共有する過程を設けた．これにより知識のインプットや参加者同士の議論が段階的に個人の立場を変えていくことを参加者全員で共有することができた．

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Generally, the space policy is designed by only a few experts, due to the high level of specialisation required, but it is necessary to establish a method to promote public discussion by reflecting on the opinions of the general public. In this paper, we report the outline and flow of the ‘Confrontational Science Café’ conducted in the second half of the 2018 academic year, in which the oppositional states of approval and disapproval are clearly established and two speakers are introduced. In the ‘Confrontational Science Café’, participants were able to visualise the changes in opinions based on the opposing views and share the knowledge with other participants as the discussion progressed.

抄録
科学技術コミュニケーションにアートを取り入れる実践や分析は，多角的な視点から研究されている．アートを通じた科学技術コミュニケーションは，科学技術に対して非言語的に問題提起することや，感性に訴えかける効果があり，科学を伝えるだけでなく，科学技術との関わりや見方を伝えるために有効であると考えられる．本稿では，アートがどのように自然のモチーフを表現し，鑑賞者が自主的に分析できるかを探るため，たんぽぽの綿毛をテーマとした⚔つのアート作品の鑑賞を行った．この鑑賞を通して，アーティストの「生命」の表現に注目する．それぞれの作品は，綿毛を題材にしていながらも，異なる素材や手法を用いて表現されている．科学的な生命の定義については，個体のエネルギーと物質の因果的な法則や，“生気”と表現されるような形而上的な考え方などが知られているが，アートの鑑賞経験を言葉で表すことで，生命に対する自分の感じ方や考え方を明らかにすることができた．自分がどのような価値観を持っているかをメタ的に知ることは，異なる立場のひとが科学技術に関連する事柄を自分ごととして想像し，意見を共有する，科学技術コミュニケーションの土台になることが分かった．それぞれの作品の分析を通して，科学技術コミュニケーションにおけるアートの役割を探る．

抄録
The practice and analysis of incorporating art into scientific communication are being studied from various perspectives. Science communication through art has the effect of raising non-linguistic issues and appealing to sensibility in science and technology, and is considered to be effective not only for conveying science, but also for conveying the relationship and perspective with science. In order to explore how art expresses natural motifs and how the audience can analyze them on their own, this paper presents four pieces of art on the theme of dandelion fluff. Through this appreciation, we pay attention to the expression of the artistʼs “life”. Although each work is based on dandelion fluff, it is expressed using different materials and techniques. Scientific definitions of life include causal laws of individual energy and matter, and metaphysical concepts such as those described as “vitality”. On the other hand, by expressing my appreciation of art in words, I was able to clarify my feelings and way of thinking about life. It turns out that knowing what kind of values you have is the basis of scientific and technological communication in which people from different positions imagine things related to science and technology as their own and share their opinions. Through the analysis of each work, we explore the role of art in science and technology communication.

抄録
日本国内では1割以上の世帯が何らかのペットを飼育していると推定されるが，新型コロナウイルス感染症（COVID-19）の拡大に伴うペット飼育者への影響は定かではない．そこで我々は，人や動物への病原性・感染性，生活スタイルや経済状況に与える影響のイメージをLikert尺度で，COVID-19の影響による飼育方法の変化，不安，困っている点を自由記述で訊ねるオンライン調査を実施した．2020年5月20日から6月3日の14日間で，特定警戒都道府県61名とその他の地域14名の，計75名から有効回答が得られた．規制が強かった場合には，動物病院やペットショップなどの利用が困難となることで，飼育・健康維持に影響が及んでいた．また，人や動物への感染による病原性への不安があるだけではなく，動物の外出制限など飼育形態が変化し，家族が感染した場合の預け先の確保が課題となっていた．このような心理・社会的困難は，COVID-19に限らず，今後起きうる未知の新興感染症の流行時や，また時には自然災害発生時など，生活スタイルの変化を余儀なくされる状況において共通にみられると推測される．

抄録
At least 10% of households are estimated to have a pet in Japan. However, the effects of the expansion of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on pet owners are unclear. Therefore, we conducted an online survey with 75 respondents from May 20 to June 3, 2020, beginning with a demographic questionnaire. Then, using Likert scales, participants were asked about their perception of the pathogenicity and infectivity to humans and animals, and their impact on lifestyle and economic conditions. Finally, they were asked to describe, in open questions, the changes in rearing style, concerns, and the difficulties caused by COVID-19. Besides being concerned about the pathogenicity to humans and animals, they reported changes in rearing style, including pet walking restrictions. Finding someone to care for the pets of infected family members presented an issue. Additionally, it became difficult to visit veterinary clinics and pet shops, which affected the healthcare of pets. Such psychological and social difficulties are not limited to COVID-19, and should apply to unknown emerging infectious diseases and some kind of natural disaster which might force to make a change in lifestyle.

抄録
本稿は，筆者らがCoSTEPミニサイエンスイベント2019（2019年8月25日開催）で実施した「どちらにしようかな？ ～未来のお肉から考えるトランスサイエンス～」の設計と実践についての報告である．本イベントでは，「培養肉」という新しい技術に着目し，参加者に培養肉を「食べる」か「食べない」かを二者択一で選ばせる「どちらにしようかな」と名づけたアクティビティーを採用して，トランスサイエンス問題を取り上げた．選択の際，段階的に培養肉についての情報を提供したり，参加者同士の対話を促したりしながら，複数回にわたって選択を行うことで，当該技術についての知識量や理解の程度の差，対話の有無，もしくは立場の違いにより，培養肉に対する考え方が変化するかを体験できる構成とした．事後アンケートの結果から，約4割の参加者の判断が揺らいでいることが確認できた．本イベントの構成や「どちらにしようかな」の形式は，他のテーマ（技術）にも利用できることから，「科学と社会の問題」を扱うイベントとして汎用性の高いフレームワークとなる可能性がある．

抄録
This paper reports the design and implementation of the science event “Which way should I go? Thinking about Trans-science from the Future Meat” conducted at the CoSTEP Mini Science Event 2019 (Held on August 25, 2019). During this event, we focused on a new technology called “cultured meat” and asked participants multiple times to choose between “eat” and “not eat” cultured meat by providing step-by-step information on cultured meat and encouraging dialog among participants. The event was designed to make the participants experience the change in their attitudes toward cultured meat depending on their level of knowledge and understanding of the technology, the presence or absence of dialog, or their standpoints. Post-survey results showed a change in the decisions of about 40% of the participants. The structure and format of “Which way should I go?” can
be used for other themes as well; this could be a highly versatile framework for events dealing with “science and social issues.”

抄録
新型コロナウイルス感染症の蔓延は，博物館・美術館をはじめとする国内の文化施設の運営にも甚大な影響を及ぼし続けている．感染拡大防止措置としての臨時休館が長期化する中で，オンラインメディアを活用して展示や教育普及に取り組む博物館施設が多く見られるようになった．本研究では，新型コロナウイルス感染症により大幅に活動が制約される中での我が国における博物館施設の対応と，具体的な取り組みの内容について，各施設の公式ホームページやSNS の閲覧を通じて整理・分析した．
その結果，政府の特定警戒都道府県に指定された地域では，それ以外の地域に比べて博物館施設によるオンラインでの情報発信がより積極的に実施されたことが分かった．またオンライン上で発信を行なった施設の多くが，SNS や動画投稿サイトなどの外部サービスを活用しながら情報を発信していたことも判明した．また全国規模での施設間連携，家庭用ゲームソフトを介したコンテンツ公開など，これまでに例のない情報発信の取り組みも確認できた．

抄録
本稿では，最初に2019 年⚗月13 日に実施した，コラボレーション企画弦巻楽団×北海道大学CoSTEP「私たちが機械だった頃」を実施した背景および企画の特徴を述べる．その上で，今回の企画にかかわった演劇の専門家に対してインタビュー調査を行ない「演劇を用いた科学技術コミュニケーション」の制作過程および上演を通じて，気づいたり考えたりしたことをまとめる．インタビューからは，演出家自身が演劇作品の制作過程および上演に際して意図していたことや，彼の科学技術コミュニケーションに対して理解が深まっていく過程を明らかにすることができた．とりわけ係留する」「ラインを引く」，「空気感」などの言葉からは，科学技術コミュニケーションに演劇を用いることで得られる，観客に与える効果の一側面を見て取ることができた．また，異なる立場が協働しプロジェクトを共創する際には，協働相手を単に手段とみなすことなく，相手をリクペストし，協働それ自体の目的化を回避しつつも同時に「協働の価値化」を目指すことの重要性がうかがえた．

抄録
本稿は，日本の国立感染症研究所村山庁舎で行われてきた高度安全実験施設（BSL-4 実験室）に関する2015 年から2019 年の科学技術コミュニケーション活動について分析する．同研究所は日本を代表する感染症研究施設であるが，歴史的経緯と社会的事情によって30 年近くにわたりBSL-4実験室の稼働を見送ってきた．しかし，この5年のあいだに，施設稼働についての議論が始まり，実際に特定一種病原体が運び込まれて，実験の準備が整った．同庁舎は，一部の近隣自治会，近隣施設，行政とのつながりを重視し，これらの特定のステークホルダーに対して，頻繁に，対話的なコミュニケーションを行ってきた．他方で，参加型で幅広い市民に届くようなコミュニケーションや，熟議型のコミュニケーションは，ほとんど行われてこなかった．村山庁舎の科学技術コミュニケーション活動は，双方向的ではあるものの，古いタイプの科学技術理解増進活動（パブリックアクセプタンス活動）と重要な類似点を持っている．結果として，一部の近しい関係者からは肯定的な反応を得ながらも，多くの人々からの重要な批判にさらされ続けてもいる．

抄録
幅広い年代が利用する科学館では，小さな子供のいる家族での来館者は科学館のメインの来館者層の一つである．札幌市青少年科学館では展示内容をより身近に科学を感じてもらうため展示物のほとんどがハンズ・オン展示である．しかし，その操作が複雑であったり，身体的動作と科学的情報が連続的につながっていない場合，来館者は十分にハンズ・オン展示を活用できない．親子でハンズ・オン展示を体験する際は，子にとって親によるサポートは必要不可欠である．本研究ではハンズ・オン展示における親子が展示物を体験する様子を⚒回検証し，会話を質的に分析した．一回目の検証では家族のハンズ・オン展示におけるつまずきについて調査した．そのつまずきを解消すべく開発した支援ツールを用いて二回目の検証を行った．その結果，親がハンズ・オン展示の仕組みを理解することによって子が主体的に展示物体験に関わり，親子の発話が増加し家族での学習が発展することが明らかになった．

抄録
近年，科学者等の専門家と市民（非専門家）がインターネット等を活用しながら協力してデータ収集や解析を行う市民参加型の研究プロジェクト（シチズンサイエンス）が盛んになり，日本でもいくつかのプロジェクトが進められている．欧米では，シチズンサイエンスのプロジェクトの参加者属性や参加理由についての調査があるが，日本では行われていない．そこで本研究では，日本ではどのような属性をもつ市民がシチズンサイエンスに参加意欲を示すかを，科学・技術への関心の程度との関係に着目して調べた．市民向けイベントでのアンケート調査およびインターネット調査を実施した結果，科学・技術への関心が高い関心層は，シチズンサイエンスに対しても高い参加意欲を示すことが分かった．特に「科学や学問への貢献」や「知的好奇心の刺激」，「科学に関する最先端の知識が得られる」がシチズンサイエンスへの参加の動機になることが示された．一方，低関心層はシチズンサイエンスへの参加意欲が低く，強い参加の動機になり得るものを見出すことができなかった。

抄録
Recently, the number of participatory projects (citizen science) involving both scientists (experts) and members of the public (non-experts) collaborating to collect and analyze data via the Internet have increased. While some overseas studies have reported on the characteristics of participants and their motivations, none have been conducted in Japan. In this study, we conducted an online/offline survey and investigated peopleʼs willingness to participate in citizen science, focusing on their level of interest in science and technology. We observed that those with an interest or potential interest in science and technology demonstrated a willingness to participate in citizen science. “Contribution,” “stimulation of intellectual curiosity,” and “latest knowledge” were identified as motivating factors influencing oneʼs willingness to participate, especially in the group with interest. The group with low interest did not exhibit a willingness to articipate in citizen science.

抄録
新型コロナウイルス感染症の拡大をうけ，各国は感染症を抑制する手段として，ICT技術を用いて個人の行動を追跡する活動を行なっている．その方法の一つに，スマートフォンの近距離無線通信技術を用いて濃厚接触者を特定する，コンタクト・トレーシングがある．日本政府は2020年5月の段階で，コンタクト・トレーシングアプリの実用化を検討している．本稿は，コンタクト・トレーシングの概要を紹介するとともに，当該技術の社会実装に関する対話の場を創る際の論点を整理することを目的とする．一般に監視についてはプライバシーの侵害が課題になる一方で，コンタクト・トレーシングは「個人のプライバシーに配慮された監視手法」であることを確認する．しかし，それでもなお当該技術の社会実装の際にプライバシー侵害の可能性について検討する必要があることを指摘する．社会実装におけるプライバシー以外の論点として，コンタクト・トレーシングアプリを使いたくないが使わざるを得なくなることや，一度導入された技術の恒常化を挙げる．そして，当該技術の社会実装の対話の場において，科学技術コミュニケーターは，技術を用いて管理される側にある生活者の立場を代弁することが求められることを述べる．

抄録
ノルウェーにおける新型コロナウイルスの感染拡大は4 月上旬にコントロール下に入ったとされ，社会的機能を少しずつ再開していく方針が発表された．政府の危機対策管理は分散的な構造となっており，省庁間の調整支援機関が機能を発揮している．ノルウェー公衆衛生研究所（NIPH）では，多様な市民に対するわかりやすい情報やアドバイスのほか，最新の学術研究の見取り図も提供するなど，俯瞰的で包括的な活動を展開する．ノルウェーの専門機関は，過去の危機において市民とのコミュニケーションにたびたび失敗しているものの，政府や専門家に対する市民の信頼は篤く，情報を通じて伝えられる専門家の知的謙虚さや個人的感情をもとに冷静に判断を下しているとみられる．この冷静さはコロナ以後における新たな日常の「奇妙さ」と対峙し，それを保持していく鍵でもある．

抄録
At the beginning of April, the Norwegian government announced that the coronavirus outbreak is to be under control and social functions will be gradually resumed. The governmental structure for crisis preparedness and management is fragmented but some administrative coordinating and support functions work well in Norway. Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) currently provides readable advice and information about the novel coronavirus disease, including a systematic map on the disease evidence and rapid reviews of latest academic articles. Norwegian authorities maintain a high degree of public trust though they have failed to perform effective public communication at times. Citizens seem to make a cool-headed decision based on experts’ intellectual humility and personal emotion in their delivery of information. The cool-headedness would be a key to face and keep the new normal ‘strangeness’ in the midst of and after the coronavirus crisis.

抄録
新型コロナウイルス感染症対策における日本の「検査数」が十分かどうかについて，世界各国からも日本国内
からも多くの疑問の声が寄せられている．こうした対策方針については, 感染が引き起こす影響範囲は広範にわ
たり複数の要素が複雑に関係するため，状況の一面のみ切り取るだけでは全体像が見えにくく，関係するセクタ
ー間ですれ違いが発生している．そもそも，こうしたすれ違いは，日本の新型コロナウイルス感染症対策方針に
関するコミュニケーション不全として捉えることも可能であり，その不全の理由を明らかにすることは科学技術
コミュニケーションの役割として重要と考える．
なぜ検査数が絞られてきたのか．政府の実行力だけに問題があるのではなく，新型コロナウィルス感染症対策
を効果的に実行するにあたって，システム的な阻害要因や見落とされている課題があることも考えられる．
本稿では，まず，システム思考の技法（因果ループ図）を使って新型コロナウイルス感染症に関係する状況を
可視化し，そのシステムとしての特徴を確認した．我々の因果ループ図は，「感染モデル」と「発症者対応モデ
ル」から成り立っている．政府および専門家会議1)は，死者数，ついで重症者数を可能な限り減らすことを目標
に，「感染モデル」と「発症者対応モデル」を分離して対応してきた．その過程で注意を払っているのが，おそ
らく医療資源の枯渇をさけることであり，これが一つの要因となり，これまで検査数を増やすことができなかっ
たと考えられる．
しかし，このやり方はそれぞれのモデルを別々に捉えた場合には合理的だが，二つのモデルの界面で発生する
深刻なシステム上の弱点があることが分かった．たとえば，検査のハードルを上げてしまうと，検査を受けずに
市中で活動する軽症の発症者を多く発生させ，感染機会を増大，新規感染者を増やしてしまう．これがあらたな
感染拡大を生み出す．そのことを考えれば，以下二つの方策の実行が必要となる．

① 感染機会の強力な削減策と保障の実施
一刻も早く封鎖等の措置あるいはそれに相当する感染機会の強力な削減策（休校や外出自粛・禁止，イベント
中止，都市封鎖など）を実施する必要がある．
② 医療資源への影響を抑えて検査が実施できる医療体制の導入と検査の徹底
検査を拡大するために，韓国で有名なドライブスルー検査・ウォークスルー検査をネット問診などと組み合わ
せて実施するなど，医療資源との繋がりを最小限にした検査システムを導入することが求められる．
つまり，初期段階においては感染源を見出すクラスター対策等の方針をすすめることで対応が可能であったも
のの，感染が一定程度広がり，医療資源を逼迫する現状においては，二つのモデルの界面で発生する深刻なシス
テム上の問題に対して，市中で感染を拡大させる軽症者（および不顕性感染者）による感染拡大を抑えるため，
検査数を増やすなど両面作戦の必要があると考えられた．また，市民においても，マスクや手洗い等の感染予防
策をとるとともに，感染機会を減らすための行動変容が求められることが，因果ループ図から明らかである．
本事例は，市民，専門家ともに状況をシステム全体で理解し，その理解を共有することの重要性を示す一例で
あろう.

抄録
出現からたった3 ヶ月でその小さなウイルスは地球上の人間の価値観と行動を変えようとしている．自分たちを守るために科学者や政治家といった「専門家」のみならず，ごく普通の人まで考えなければならないこととなった．では，どんな情報が必要か？ どういった課題や論点があるのか？ 科学技術コミュニケーションの実例として『新型コロナウイルスを考える』という，ごく一般向けの記事をどう作るかを通して，これらについて考えてみたい1)．この時，SARS について振り返るのも有益だろう．筆者は，科学コミュニケーターが記事を書くだけではなく，問題とその扱いをメタ的にとらえることで，現実がもたらす問題の把握と想定のやりかた，さらに科学技術コミュニケーションのあり方についてさらに広く考えようという人の参考になれば，と考えている．ご批判，ご批評を歓迎したい．

抄録
Only three months after its emergence, that tiny virus is changing the values and behavior of human race. In order to protect ourselves, not only about "experts" such as scientists and politicians, but also about ordinary people have to think about it. So, what kind of information do we need? What are the issues and controversy? I would like to think about how to make an article called "Thinking about COVID-19" as an example of science communication. At this time, it would be useful to look back on SARS. I hope that this paper will be useful not only for science communicators who write articles, but also for those who want to think more broadly about how to grasp and consider the problems posed by reality and how to communicate science and technology by taking a meta-view of the problems and their treatment. I readily welcome any suggestions or
criticisms.

抄録
新型コロナウイルス感染症の世界的大流行に鑑み，本誌『科学技術コミュニケーション』は科学技術コミュニケーションの観点に則った事態の把握，分析，提言や解決に資することを目的に，関連する論考を募り，可能な限り速やかに公開することを目指す緊急小特集を企画する．本稿では，新型コロナウイルス感染症の科学技術コミュニケーション的な側面と事例，それを扱うことの意義を述べる．そして最後に本緊急小特集での具体的な編集方針について述べる．

抄録
市民のヒアリ監視活動への参画，および外来種リテラシーの向上を目指した体験型ワークショップ（以下，WS）を開発した．ヒアリの日本国土への定着を阻止するためには，専門家だけでなく市民ひとりひとりがヒアリ監視のスキルと意識を持つことが，きわめて有効なリスク対策となる．本WS は，外来種問題という社会が抱える喫緊課題に対する問題解決の手段としての側面と，市民が身近な自然の生物多様性を学ぶ環境学習の側面を併せ持つ．そのため，ヒアリや外来種に対する危機意識の醸成だけではなく，生き物への純粋な興味や知識欲をくすぐるエンターテイメント性を意識してプログラムをデザインした．加えて，生物を扱うWS で最も講師のスキルと経験が求められるパートである野外観察・採集と顕微鏡観察を省略するために，アリ類の精密拡大模型を作成した．これにより，専門性を担保しつつも，専門家でなくとも実施可能な比較的手軽で汎用性の高いWSとなった．WS のコンパクト化を実現したことで，危機管理WS の命題である実施範囲の拡大へとつながった．ヒアリ対策のニーズの高い沖縄県において継続的にWS を実践し，改良を重ねて本WS が完成した．WS の前後でとった参加者へのアンケート調査結果から，本WS の最適な実施対象は小学校中学年であること，参加者の「ヒアリ」のキーワード認識率はWS 前から高い水準にあること，そしてWS 参加によって「ヒアリ」および「外来種」のキーワード認識率が上昇することが明らかになった．

抄録
「サイエンスカフェみたか」は，NPO 法人くらしとバイオプラザ21 が企画するサイエンスカフェである．飲み物を片手にしながらのカフェスタイルで，サイエンスについての知識を深める目的で，主に医療，食糧，環境などの生物に関するテーマを取り上げている．本稿では，サイエンスカフェみたかで行った“アリ”を用いたサイエンスカフェの概要やその様子などについて実践報告を行う．アリを用いた観察や野外調査などのイベントはこれまでにも報告されているが，サイエンスカフェで取り上げられた記録はこれまでにない．また，私たちの身近に見られる“アリ”の具体的な観察方法や観察器具の使い方についての記録は少ない．今回，日本の広い範囲で観察でき，さらに微小昆虫である“アリ”を用いた体験型のイベントを紹介する．室内で行なったサイエンスカフェにおいて，“マクロレンズ”を用いることにより，参加者が個々に観察し有効に進めることができたと考えられる．また，サイエンスカフェ終了後のアンケートから，“アリ”を用いたイベントは体験型のサイエンスカフェでも実施可能であると考えられた．

抄録
研究者が社会に対して，自らの研究内容や科学について説明する機会が増えており，科学技術コミュニケーションの重要性が指摘されている．自らが大学で行っている研究内容を分かりやすく社会へ伝える方法を身につけると同時に，アウトリーチ活動の経験を積むことを目的として，北海道大学Ambitious リーダー育成プログラム所属の博士後期課程学生⚕名による実験教室を企画実施したので，これを報告する．沖縄科学技術大学院大学（OIST）にて開催された2018 年度サイエンスフェスタに出展し，実際に大学で研究している紙デバイスを応用したpH 測定実験を行った．本報告を通して，大学で研究している内容や科学をわかりやすく伝える技術や安全性を考慮した実験設計の重要性を学び，また参加した125 名の小中学生を対象にアンケートを実施することで，普段科学技術コミュニケーションに親しみの無い大学院生が専門を活かしどの程度小中学生に科学に対する興味・関心をもってもらうことができるのかを示した．これらの結果および考察は，大学の学生や若手研究者がアウトリーチ活動をする際の一助となることが期待される．

抄録
The opportunity in which the researcher explains the research content and science to the society increases, and the importance of science and technology communication is indicated. For the purpose of acquiring a method to transmit the research work of the university to society in an easily comprehensible way, and to accumulate experience of outreach activity, an experimental classroom was planned and conducted by 5 doctoral students from the Hokkaido University Ambitious leader training program. It was exhibited in the 2018 Science Feste held in Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), and a pH measurement experiment using the paper device studied in the university was carried out. Based on a questionnaire conducted with 125 elementary and junior high school students, this report shows that university students who are not familiar with science and technology communication usually utilize their specialty; it also shows how much interest for science can be generated in elementary and junior high school students by learning the importance of experiment design, considering technology and safety which transmits the contents of science studied in the university. These results and discussions are expected to help other young researchers, such as university students, in their outreach activities.

抄録
学生プロジェクトチーム「理科工房」の活動は，前身団体を含めて2019 年度で17 年目となった．大学祭での科学教室の実施を原点として，小中学校での理科実験授業の実施，学外イベントでの科学実験体験ブースの出展などに活動範囲を広げてきたが，現在ではPTA レクリエーションとしての科学教室，認定こども園での科学体験教室，児童館や科学館など様々な教育関係施設での科学教室や科学体験コーナーの実施，シニア層を対象とした生涯学習プログラムの一環としての科学教室など，様々なシチュエーションで幅広い年齢層を対象とした科学技術コミュニケーション活動を展開している．特筆すべきは草の根レベルの口コミで広がった活動件数の多さであり，2017 年度及び2018 年度には年間100 件を超えた．ここでは，本活動の内容，参加学生に対するアンケート結果から明らかになった学生教育効果や参加学生の意識を紹介し，多数回の科学技術コミュニケーション活動を正課外で実施することが参加学生にとって貴重な成長の機会となっていることを論じる．

抄録
The student project team “Rika Kobo” has conducted their activities over recent 17 years. Their activities have been widened to cover various science communication events such as science experimental classes at local elementary and junior-high schools, and science experiment demonstrations at several events in local community. Most recently, favorable reputations have been spread in local communities at grass-root level, resulting in the significant number of their activities including science classes for PTA recreations at elementary schools, science classes at kindergartens, science classes and science demonstrations at several educational facilities, and also science demonstrations targeting elder people as lifelong education programs. In this paper, the contents of their activities as well as educational effects for the student members are presented.

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2018年9月6日未明に，北海道胆振地方を震源とするマグニチュード6.7の地震が発生した．厚真町鹿沼で最大震度7を観測したほか，札幌市内でも震度6弱を観測し，道央を中心に広い範囲で強い揺れを観測した．このような大きな地震では，発生直後に気象庁や大学などから速報的情報が発表され，数多くのメディアで紹介される．一方で，様々な観測・調査結果やその解析がまとまるまでのあいだ，発生直後の速報的情報を除き，一般市民に提供される情報は乏しいと考えられる．そこで胆振東部地震の発生メカニズムと今後の対策について，地震学を専門とする北海道大学大学院理学研究院附属地震火山研究観測センター長の高橋浩晃教授にインタビューを行い，北海道大学CoSTEP が運営するFacebookページ「いいね！ Hokudai」から映像コンテンツとして発信した．動画は23件のシェアがなされ大きな反響を呼んだことから，科学技術コミュニケーターには情報の空白を埋めるような科学情報の提供者としての役割や存在意義もあることが分かった．

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体験活動を通して学習者の天文に関する知識・理解を深めることを目的に，学習者全員がプラネタリウムの解説者の経験をしながら班活動で学習を行うことのできるピンホール式の卓上プラネタリウム「アマテラス」を開発した．「アマテラス」は組み立て式のプラスチックダンボール製のハーフドームと小型のプラスチック製の半球にピンホールを開けて加工した小型の恒星球からなる．「アマテラス」は理科室の実験台の上に設置して投影することができ4等星以上の恒星と1等星以上の恒星の色や日周運動を再現することができる．「アマテラス」を用いて大学生を対象に，プラネタリウムの番組づくりと解説パンフレットづくりや解説員の経験をさせる教育実践を行ったところ，学生は主体的に活動に取り組み，天文分野に関する知識・理解を深めることができた．

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筆頭筆者は，北海道大学高等教育推進機構オープンエデュケーションセンター科学技術コミュニケーション教育研究部門（Communication in Science and Technology Education and ResearchProgram；以下，CoSTEPと記す）の受講生と共に，2019年1月27日，IoT（Internet of Things）技術を用いた健康管理サービスの社会導入をテーマとした，討論劇と評決ワークショップ「その時，あなたは埋め込むか？-討論劇で問う生体IoTを用いた健康管理の是非-」を，先端科学技術の社会実装を主題とした対話の場を作る試みの一つとして実施した．事後の聞き取りにより，討論劇に適したテーマと登場人物の設定があることが明らかになった．

抄録
The first author, along with the students of the Open Education Center Hokkaido University Advanced Education Research Center (Communication in Science and Technology Education and Research Program; hereinafter referred to as CoSTEP), on January 27, 2019, IoT Discussion drama and verdict workshop on the theme of social introduction of health management service using technology “At that time, do you embed? -Whether to pursue health management using biological IoT questioning in discussion play”, as an attempt to create a forum for dialogue with the theme of social implementation of advanced science and technology. By listening after the fact, it became clear that there is a theme suitable for the debate play and the setting of characters.

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科学技術コミュニケーター像の探求に有益な情報提供を行うための試行調査として，求人・求職支援ポータルサイト「JREC-IN Portal」に掲載された求人情報の分析を行った．本研究では，5カ月間の調査を通して得た83件の求人情報における雇用条件や応募要件，また，そこから読み取れる職務や職能の実情を調べた．結果として，それらの求人情報を，URAや産官学連携コーディネーターを含む「URA相当」，研究機関や研究プロジェクトの広報担当者から成る「科学広報」，ジオパーク専門員を含む「科学館スタッフ」，そして，ファンドレイザー等の「その他」に大別することができた．さらに，担う職務や求められる職能が求人情報において詳述されていない，という現状も明らかにすることができた．これらの結果からは，想定する職種分類に応じた科学技術コミュニケーター養成のコンテンツ開発が求められること，そして，科学技術コミュニケーターの専門的な能力が未だ十分に認知されていない状況が示唆された．

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本稿は，主に『科学技術基本計画』（『基本計画』）を対象として，科学技術コミュニケーション（SC）とリスクコミュニケーション（RC）の位置づけについて，概念分析を用いて整理することで，次のことを明らかにした．第一に1990 年代に実施されていた参加型テクノロジーアセスメントが『基本計画（第3期）』でSCに組み込まれた（6章）．第二に，RC概念が登場した『基本計画（第4期）』では「社会と科学技術イノベーションの関係の深化」を背景に「RCも含めたSC」が文言として示された（7章）．第三に『基本計画（第5期）』ではRCは「共創的科学技術イノベーション」の推進に資するものとされた（8章）．SCとRCの関係を整理したことで『基本計画（第3期）』におけるRCと『基本計画（第5期）』に示されたRCは，その内容を大きく変えていることを示した．

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In this paper, we focus on positioning of the science and technology communication (SC) and risk communication (RC) by mainly using “conceptual analysis” for the “Science and Technology Basic Plan” (“Basic Plan”). First, the Participatory Technology Assessment that was implemented in the 1990s was incorporated into the SC in the “Basic Plan (3rd Phase)”. Secondly, in the “Basic Plan (4th Phase)” in which the RC concept appeared, “SC including RC” was indicated as a wording on the background of “deepening the relationship between society and science and technology innovation”. Thirdly, in the Basic Plan (5th Phase), RC was considered to contribute to the promotion of “Cocreative Science and Technology Innovation”. By rearranging the relationship between SC and RC, RC in the “Basic Plan (3rd Phase)” and RC indicated in “Basic Plan (5th Phase)” showed that the content was greatly changed.

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近年，インターネットで不特定多数の公衆から資金支援を募るクラウドファンディングが注目され，研究者も研究資金の獲得にクラウドファンディングを利用するようになった．予算の多元化が推奨される中，クラウドファンディングが新たな科学技術のパトロネッジ（第4のファンディング）として利用されていく可能性は高い．科学コミュニティにおけるクラウドファンディングを議論する上では，参加者の動機づけや問題意識の整理が欠かせない．しかし，これまで，研究者がどのような意識でクラウドファンディングに参加してきたかを調べた調査は少なかった．そこで本稿では，学術系クラウドファンディングに参加した日本の研究者を対象に意識調査を行った．その結果，研究者の主な参加動機は，第一に研究資金の獲得であり，ファンディングの側面が強かった．また，自身の研究のアピール，研究の面白さを伝えることが重視されていた．学術系クラウドファンディングには双方向コミュニケーションを促進させる場がいくつかあるが，現状としては，学術系クラウドファンディングは主に一方向的な情報伝達のコミュニケーションツールとして活用されている．

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Recently, Japanese researchers have begun engaging in academic crowdfunding more regularly. Academic crowdfunding may facilitate public engagement in science. However, the process of academic crowdfunding in Japan has not been well examined. In this study, we investigated how Japanese researchers approached the general public for financial support using academic crowdfunding. We found that 80% of the Japanese researchers surveyed considered that conveying the interest of the research was most important when calling for financial support from the general public. However, their main motivation was to obtain research funding, suggesting that the researchers viewed academic crowdfunding as a new form of fundraising. Some researchers valued the positive effect of academic crowdfunding as a form of public relations to convey information from researchers to the general public. This research suggests that Japanese researchers tend to regard academic crowdfunding as a tool for one-way science communication and a new tool for fundraising.

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近年，科学技術が高度に発展していることに伴い，科学技術と社会を取り巻く問題もまた複雑化してきている．本研究では，そうした科学技術と社会を取り巻く問題への多角的視点を涵養することを目指し，大学1，2年生を対象とした，学生自らが科学技術と社会をテーマとしたシリアスゲームを作成する「科学と社会をつなぐゲームデザイン」授業の開発・実践を行った．本稿では，当該授業の実施概要を報告するとともに，当該授業を受講した学生のふりかえり・レポート記述の内容から，「科学技術と社会」について考える上で，ゲーム作成というプロセスを活用することの可能性と課題について考察する．

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Tremendous scientific and technological progress has increased the complexity of the social issues related to science and technology (hereinafter referred to as STS issues). To cultivate a diversified perspective on STS issues, we have developed a first and/or second year undergraduate class titled: “Designing a Serious Game: Communicating between Science, Technology, and Society.” In this paper, we present a practical summary of the class, and discuss the possibilities and challenges of utilizing the game design process to think about STS issues with reference to the students? reflective reports.

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本研究では，教員養成系大学の大学生に着目し，旭川市科学館サイパルでの活動が彼らの科学館に対する認識をどのように変化させるのかについて明らかにした．研究対象は，大学?年生21 名である．学生が支援した科学館の活動は，科学工作教室，科学に関するイベント，常設展示案内，そして，講演会であった．これらの活動への参加前後でアンケート調査を行った．自由記述による回答は，KH Coder による総抽出語数の計数や頻出語の抽出，そして，複数の研究者によるカテゴリー分けによって分析した．量的データは，EZR を用いて統計的に分析した．分析の結果，科学館での活動を経て，大学生は科学の学びにおける科学館の意義と地域社会における科学館の重要性について認識を深めることができたと考えられる．また，活動を通じて，大学生の教師になったときの授業での科学館の利用意欲は高く維持されたこと，活動後に，彼らは，科学館を利用した授業を行う分野や授業で扱う対象を具体的に想定できるようになったことを指摘できる．以上の結果より，対象とした大学生が将来教師として旭川市科学館サイパルを有効活用することも十分に期待でき，このような活用は，旭川市科学館サイパルが「博物館法」で定められた学校教育への協力と支援を果たす機会の1つとなるだろう．

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本研究は科学技術コミュニケーター養成教育がもたらす教育効果，特に対話・参加型コミュニケーションに対する意識がどのように変化したのかを評価するために，科学技術コミュニケーション活動への意識を調査する質問紙を開発し，本質問紙を用いて北海道大学にある科学技術コミュニケーション教育研究部門（通称CoSTEP）の受講生の受講初期・後の意識を調査した．その結果，受講後に受講生は全体的に参加型の科学技術コミュニケーション活動への意識が高まったことが分かった．さらに調査していくと，受講生の受講後の意識は3つの型があることがわかり，最も多かったのは科学技術コミュニケーション活動全般への意識が高い型であった．このことから，CoSTEP における科学技術コミュニケーション養成教育は，対話・参加型に限らず，全体的な意識を高めることが示唆された．

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In this research, in order to evaluate the educational effect of the program in science and technology communication, in particular how the awareness of dialogue and participation model of science communication changed, we developed a questionnaire to evaluate its awareness. Using this questionnaire, I studied the consciousness of the students who had took the educational program provided by Communication in Science and Technology Education and Research Program (CoSTEP) at Hokkaido University before and after their learning. As a result, it was found that students increased their awareness of participation model of science and technology communication activities as a whole. As I further investigated, it turned out that there were three types of consciousness after the students took the course, the most frequent was a group that is increased awareness of science and technology communication activities in general. From these results, it was suggested that the educational program of CoSTEP has an effect to increase not only the awareness of dialogue and participation model but also overall awareness of science communication

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東日本大震災を契機として，我が国の科学技術コミュニケーションは，専門家と非専門家との双方向のコミュニケーションの推進に対しても効果的であることが期待されるようになった．しかし，専門家と非専門家との間には，知識量のみならず認知や行動においても非対称性があり，この非対称性がコミュニケーションの不具合を引き起こしている可能性がある．本研究は，医薬品情報を対象とし，双方向のコミュニケーションに影響を与える非対称性の特徴及び状況や背景を明らかにすることを目的として，専門家及び非専門家の両方にアンケート調査を実施し，非対称性を分析した．その結果，医薬品情報のコミュニケーションには，コミュニケーションの不具合の認知や解釈において非対称性が生じていることがわかった．さらに，非対称性を生じ易い背景として，非専門家では情報収集をしないこと及び専門家とのコミュニケーションを諦めていること，専門家では尋ねられた情報が知らない情報であることを非専門家に伝えないことが示された．したがって，医薬品情報における双方向のコミュニケーションを成功させるためには，専門家と非専門家のそれぞれに対する情報教育，質の高い情報のオープン化，非専門家が利用し易いコミュニケーションツールの開発が必要と考えられる．

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Following the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, science and technology communication in Japan was expected to effectively promote bidirectional communication between experts and non-experts. However, the gaps both in the amount of knowledge and various opinions between them, has caused communication problems. This study, focusing on drug information, conducted a questionnaire survey on both experts and non-experts, analyzing the gaps to clarify the characteristics and backgrounds that would affect bidirectional communication. Results revealed several gaps in drug information communication between both groups, for instance, non-experts did not collect information or question experts’ knowledge, and experts did not inform non experts about the information they lacked. Therefore, to ensure successful bidirectional communication concerning drug information, information-related education for both groups, transparency of high-quality information, and development of user-friendly communication tools for non-experts are necessary.

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オバマ政権（2009-2016）は，米国の科学技術イノベーション政策における重要な省庁横断的な優先事項の一つとしてSTEM（Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics）教育の振興を掲げ，連邦政府レベルでのSTEM 教育への財政支援を積極的に行ってきた．ところが2017 年1 月に就任したトランプ大統領は，そうしたSTEM 教育推進の流れを大きく転換させるかもしれない．そこで本稿では，まずオバマ政権におけるSTEM 教育への優先的な予算配分について概説した．その上で，2017 年5 月にトランプ大統領が発表した2018 年度予算教書におけるSTEM 教育関連予算要求の詳細を確認した．トランプ予算教書では，これまでオバマ政権とは対照的に，STEM 教育関連予算が前年度比47.1％減の大幅削減要求となっていた．上下両院の予算委員会で作成・可決された2018 年度予算決議案では，STEM 教育関連予算の総額はいずれも前年度とほぼ変わらない水準となっているものの，当該政権が何を重視しているかがその予算案に色濃く反映されることを鑑みれば，トランプ政権が科学技術全般やSTEM 教育に対してこれまでのような重点投資のビジョンを有していないことは明らかであるといえよう．日本と米国では状況が異なるものの，米国のイノベーション政策動向は日本の科学技術イノベーションならびにSTEM 教育関連政策にとって参照点も多く，トランプ政権下での米国STEM 教育関連予算の動向について，日本においても引き続き注視していく必要がある．

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本稿の目的は，科学イベント「私の仕事を決めるのは誰？～裁判劇を通じて人工知能を用いた人事評価の是非を考える～」が参加者に対してどのような効果を与えたのかを明らかにすることである．これらの効果を明らかにすることで，一般市民を対象とする「対話の場」を創る際に有益となる知見を示すことを意図した．本イベントは，参加者が陪審員という設定で裁判劇を観劇し，その直後に行う評議ワークショップにおいて，劇中における原告の訴えに対する判決を下すという内容である．イベントの参加者が選択した判決内容によって，裁判劇（判決編）が変化する．本稿では，本イベントが参加者に対して与えた効果を確認するため，回収したアンケート，評議ワークショップの討論内容をそれぞれデータとして分析した．その結果，裁判劇に関しては，争点が明確で分かり易くかつ複数視点によって描かれたことや，リアリティのある主張が内容理解を促進させていることがわかった．評議ワークショップに関しては，ワークショップでの合意形成プロセスの体験を通じて他者の意見を知り，妥当性を吟味したことが異なる視点の獲得に結びついたことがうかがえた．

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山口情報芸術センター・通称「YCAM（ワイカム）」は，山口市にあるアートセンターである．2003 年の開館以来，メディアテクノロジーを用いた新しい表現を模索しており，展覧会や公演，映画上映，ワークショップなど多彩なイベントを開催している．YCAM の取り組みは，メディアアートやパフォーミング・アーツを軸にしつつも，近年では，スポーツや遊び，食，さらにはバイオ・リサーチまで拡がりを見せている．これらの取り組みの基盤には，YCAM の内部に設置された研究開発チーム（YCAM InterLab）の活動がある．本稿では，まずYCAM の概要やInterLab の紹介を行い，続いて，芸術表現，教育，地域といった3つの分野における具体的な作品や展覧会の事例を紹介する．そして，最後に，近年飛躍的に発展するバイオテクノロジーに取り組みはじめた「YCAM バイオ・リサーチ」プロジェクトについて紹介する．

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2017 年8月6日から10 月1日の間，「芸術祭ってなんだ？─ガラクタの星座たち」というテーマのもと，札幌市内を中心に約44 の会場を設置し札幌国際芸術祭2017（Sapporo International Art Festival 2017，以下，SIAF2017）が開催された．「SIAF2017」は，近年急激に増え続けている「○○芸術祭」といった地域名を冠した芸術祭の中では比較的歴史が浅く，2014 年より数えてこれが2回目の開催となる．ゲストディレクターに大友良英氏を迎え，彼を含む数名で構成された「バンドメンバー」たる企画運営チームが，各展示を運営していく構成であった．サウンドインスタレーションやパフォーマンス，一回性重視のイベントといったテンポラリーな性質を持つ作品が比較的多数を占めたが，それ以外にも重要なプロジェクトや興味深い試みも行われており，今回の報告では，「SIAF2017」で我々は何を見たのか（あるいは「SIAF2017」が何を提示したのか）ということを主軸に，大友氏が投げかけた問いへの応答に注目しつつ芸術祭を振り返る．その際，会期中にボランティアや様々な形で外部から芸術祭に関わった執筆者自身の見聞きした情報や，企画者への取材内容等を素材とし，三つの軸から具体的にいくつかの作品とプロジェクトを挙げて報告していく．

抄録
近年，日本においてはアートが地域と協力関係を結び，プロジェクトを実施するという動きが加速している．アートはなぜ社会や地域に接近し，どのように地域との連携を深めているのだろうか．金沢美術工芸大学で美学／表象文化論を研究する星野太氏は，社会問題と向き合うアートやアートと観客の関係の論評でも著名な美学者である．今回は，星野氏を訪ね，アートと社会，特に地域との関係を解説してもらい，その中でアートはどのような課題を抱え，今後どのように解決していこうと考えているのかという展望を語ってもらった．本インタビューで，地域振興のためにアートが活用される際に生じる，公共性という概念をどのように社会と共有していくか，という，科学技術コミュニケーションにも通じる課題が明らかになった．

抄録
In recent years, the movement of art to cooperate with the region and society is accelerating in Japan. Why is art approaching society and the region and how is deepening cooperation with them? Dr. F. Hoshino who researches aesthetics / studies of culture and representation at Kanazawa College of Art is a prominent researcher of aesthetic in the commentary on art facing social problems and the relationship between art and audience. This time, we visited him and asked him to explain the present relationship between art and society, especially the local area, and talk the challenges that the contemporary art has and the prospects. Through this interview, the problem which is also related to the science and technology communication, the sharing of the concept of commonality with society, which arises when art is utilized for regional promotion, has been clarified.

抄録
科学技術コミュニケーションにおいて，新聞は専門家と市民を橋渡しする上で大変有効なメディアとして存在している．しかしデジタル技術の普及で紙の新聞に対する関心は落ち，科学技術コミュニケーションにおいても考察が多いと言えない．新聞は高い信頼度，長年培った情報の編集方法は，情報社会の今において改めて新聞に注目する必要があるところだと言える．その背景を踏まえ，「科学技術コミュニケーターに情報発信の手段のひとつとして，新聞という紙媒体の特徴を学んでもらい，読者に読まれる新聞づくりのノウハウを身につけてもらう．」を達成目標とし実践研究を行った．ワークショップでは新聞の特徴を学ぶとともに実際にDTP ソフトウェアで新聞制作を行い，印刷までのプロセスを体験できる企画で実施した．そのことで紙の新聞をあらためて見直し，コミュニケーションの手段の一つとして新聞作りの手法を加えるきっかけを作ることを目指した．本稿は新聞制作ワークショップを事例に，新聞を用いた科学技術コミュニケーションの可能性について考察する．

抄録
This paper aims at considering the possibility of science and technology communication using newspaper as a case example of a newspaper editing workshop. In science communication, newspapers exist as a very effective medium as a media that bridges experts and citizens, but the interest in paper newspapers has declined owing to the spread of digital technology. Also there are not many considerations in science communication and newspaper. The newspaper has high reliability and it is said that the method of editing information that we have cultivated over the years is a necessity to draw attention to the newspaper once again in the information society. Through in background, the author supposed that learning the newspaper editing method will be a powerful tool for information design on science communicators. In the newspaper editing workshop, science communicators were practicing newspaper production with DTP software and carrying out the process up to printing. We reexamined the paper newspaper and added the opportunity to add a newspaper making method as one of means of communication.

抄録
「学び合いカフェ」は新潟大学の大学院生有志により2015 年に立ち上げられた科学技術コミュニケーション活動である．運営メンバーの専攻やイベントで取り扱う内容は理工系分野に留まらず，活動は分野横断型のものになっている．2016 年末までに，新潟大学内で一般公開のイベントを12回開催した．本稿では，学び合いカフェの概要や実績についての実践報告を行う．その中では，学び合いカフェの存在意義や大学院生主体の科学技術コミュニケーション活動の意義を明らかにするために行ったアンケート調査の結果もまとめた．アンケート結果からは，参加者にとっての学び合いカフェは学生が行う様々な研究や活動を学べる機会であり，話題提供者および運営メンバーにとっての学び合いカフェは他分野の人々に自身の研究を紹介する場やイベントの企画・運営の経験を積む場として機能していることが分かった．加えて，学び合いカフェでの経験が携わった大学院生の意識を変え，現在の仕事や研究に影響を及ぼしていることもアンケート結果から示唆され，大学院生主体の科学技術コミュニケーション活動にはキャリア教育としての意義もあることが考えられた．

抄録
日本における社会・経済の課題解決の有効な手段の1つとして，科学技術イノベーションへの期待が近年高まっている．現在の科学技術イノベーション政策は，主に科学技術の育成や移転に関わる仕組みや方法に焦点がある．しかし，消費者として，また納税者として，税金を資金として拠出する国民の科学技術イノベーション政策への支持や関与を促進することも，自律的に科学技術イノベーションを促進するためには不可欠である．本稿では，日本全国140地点，層化2段無作為抽出法により抽出した887人に対する面接聴取法による調査結果と分析から，科学技術イノベーション政策への国民の支持・関与，つまりパブリックエンゲージメントの促進要因として，成果・コミュ ニケーション・環境整備・国民の政策影響力等が関係することを明らかにした．それらへの態度によるセグメンテーションを開発し，科学技術に関心のある層だけでなく，潜在的関心層に対しても， 政策マーケティングの視点からのコミュニケーション技法として活用可能な，科学技術政策と国民との相互理解が促進されることを目的としたモデルを提言する．

抄録
As one of the efficient solutions to solve the problems of the economic and social situations, expectations on the science, technology, and innovation are increasing recently. At the present, the system of which will develop new science and technology and transfer them is mainly focused in a science, technology and innovation policy. It is also necessary to build up the science, technology and innovation environments, in which people are interested in and voluntarily support the policy, so called public engagement. Because they are not only consumer of the science and technology but also taxpayer as funds. Analyzing the data collected from the two-stage stratified random sampling of 887 cases through interview survey, it is confirmed that the output, communication, circumstances, and influence of the people will promote the support and interest towards the policy of science, technology and innovation. We propose to improve the comprehension between the people and policy, in other words politicians by using the Segmentation Model clusters of which are segmented by the attitudes towards those promoting factors. It can be the new framework of communication for not only those interested in science and technology but also those potentially interested in it for the policy makers from the point of view of policy marketing.

抄録
地球温暖化対策をはじめとする環境保全行動のより一層の推進が求められている中，国や地方公共団体，学校教育以外の取り組みも重要性を増している．環境保全行動のうち，地球温暖化対策に大きく関わる省エネルギー行動の実践には，日常生活に必要な科学技術リテラシーも重要な役割を果たす．2016年夏の環境イベントで，小学校高学年以上が理解でき，最後まで飽きずに参加できることを目標として，大人と子どもを対象とした講座を実施した．ビンゴカードとキーワードをそろえて文を完成するゲーム性のある内容を考案し，クイズや実演などの工夫も加えて実践したところ，一定程度の成果を得ることができた．

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　遺伝子解析技術の進展により，様々な疾患に対して遺伝情報を利用して診断できる時代がやってきた．遺伝学的検査への人々の関心や期待も高まっているが，遺伝子診療部の外来に訪れる来談者の遺伝学への理解や知識のレベルは様々である．生命情報の継承と個体間の多様性という遺伝学の本質と遺伝医療を周知するという目標を掲げた我々は，まずどういった人々が遺伝医療に関心があるのかを知るために2016年11月20日に岐阜大学サテライトキャンパスにおいて第一回市民公開講座を開催した．プログラムは「糖尿病と遺伝」「注目され始めた遺伝性乳がん」「出生前診断」「小児の遺伝性疾患」「遺伝カウンセリング?まずは相談してみよう！?」から構成され, 終了後来場者に任意のアンケートを実施した．来場者は39名で，34名（87%）から回答を得た．回答者の年齢は70歳以上が最も多く32%を占め60歳代（18%），50歳代（18%）と続いた．男女比では女性が男性の二倍， 住まいは岐阜市が71％，講座を知ったきっかけは「知人から」が最多の15名であった．面白かった講演として挙げられたのは「糖尿病と遺伝」が筆頭であった．講演全体への満足度も高く，次回開催時にも参加したいという回答が多く寄せられたが，参加者にとっての難易度の判定に問題点が見出された．次回に向けて開催の周知方法の工夫，講演別の達成目標の設定と聴衆の理解度把握，ハンドアウト配布などの策が挙がったので報告する．

抄録
社会科学系の学部のみを有する私立大学の学部学生向けに，サイエンスカフェ，サイエンスツアーを組み合わせた正課外の自然科学教育を5年間にわたり学内の資金援助を得て組織的に行った．資金援助終了後は経常経費内で取り組みの継続を模索している．これらの取り組みは，正課での自然科学教育が縮小する傾向のある中で，社会科学系専攻の学生の科学リテラシーの向上と科学への興味の涵養を目指すものである．一部の参加学生はイベントに積極的に取り組み，提示された話題， 見学内容を自らに関連した問題として捉えることができた．

抄録
大学院生出張授業プロジェクト（BAP）は，2008年に発足した学生団体であり，「高校生に研究の 魅力を伝える」「出張授業を全国の大学院生の文化にする」という2つの理念を掲げて活動を行ってきた．出張授業の実施先はメンバーである大学院生の出身高校を想定しており，これは大学院生・ 高校生の双方にメリットの存在する形態である．これまでの出張授業件数は129件，延べの受講者 は6,600人を超え，全国各地の高校で出張授業を実施してきた．東京大学大学院の全学から多様な 専門分野のメンバーが集まり，長年蓄積されたノウハウや，他分野の講師に対して行う高校生目線 でのアドバイスにより，授業を受けた生徒からの高評価を実現している．本報告では大学院生への 支援方法やこれまでの実施実績，生徒から得られたアンケート結果からBAPという形態の特徴を 考察すると共に，活動の継続と共に出てきた運営上の問題についても議論する．

抄録
Established in 2008, the Back to Alma Mater Project （BAP） is a graduate student group for outreach activities. The group aims at“ Introducing scientific attraction to high school students” and “Cultivating outreach lecture tours for graduate school students.” The outreach lecture tour is performed in a member's alma mater, and this activity has merits for both high school and graduate students. BAP supported a total of 129 lectures attended by over 6,600 students. Members belonged to various departments enables to advice on teaching and to make it easy to understand. The travel teaching events achieved high evaluations from the participating high school students. Overall, the project has been lauded by high school students. This work presents our support system, travel teaching records, and feedback from high school students, and then discusses the specificity of BAP and issues on activity steering.

抄録
　研究成果の理解を助けるビジュアルデザインは，研究者にとり重要な位置を占めるようになった．しかし研究者自身によるビジュアルデザインは，煩雑でわかりにくく，審美性の低い場合が多い．そこで私たちは，研究者のために有用なビジュアルデザインのルールについて考察した．まず，研究者に即したビジュアルデザインのルール案を考案し，それを掲載したハンドブックを作成した．次に，これを研究者に配付し，彼らに対するアンケート調査を介して，提案ルール案の研究者にとっての有用性と問題点を検証した．その結果，有用と判明したのは，第1に「画面の構成方法」に関するルール，特に「視線の流れを意識する」，第2に「効果的な配色方法」に関するルール，特に「3色（メインカラー，アクセントカラー，無彩色）でキメる！」，第3に「PowerPointによる描画」に関するルール，特に『頂点の編集』をマスターする」であった．一方，有用性が低いとされたのは「グラフ・表・フローチャート」に関するルールで，改善の余地があるとわかった．配布ハンドブックは概ね評判が良く，国内の理系研究者に有用とわかった．学ぶ機会が少ないデザインの基本ルールと技術を学習できたため，「役立つ」実感を与えたと推察する．

抄録
Visual designs aiding the understanding of research results are becoming important for researchers. However, many researchers use incomprehensible and unattractive visual designs, which is why we attempted to formulate effective visual design rules for researchers. First, we published handbooks that presented plans of these visual design rules. We distributed them to researchers in Japan and conducted surveys using questionnaires. We then inspected the effects and problems of these plans. Consequently, the most effective rules were about the “Layout,” particularly the rule“ Being Conscious of the Flow of the Eyes.” The second most effective rules were about “Color Methods,” particularly the rule “Deciding Three Colors （Main Color, Accent Color, and Neutral Color）.” The rules about “Drawing using PowerPoint” were also effective, particularly the rule“ Mastering Edit Points.”

抄録
　筆者は，2016 年11月に，リスクコミュニケーター養成プログラム開発の一環として，1）対話の作りの中でも特に，質疑や反駁を通じて意見の妥当性や論理性を吟味するような，「討論の場」の計および，そのためのファシリテーションの知識やスキルの習得を目指した，2）事前学習と対実践型プログラムを組み合わせた教育プログラムを企画・実施した．本稿は，討論の場作りの必性を示し，当該プログラムの目的，達成目標，施行にあたっての工夫を記す．そして実施過程をじて得た情報を提示した上で，受講者のコメントやアンケートから明らかになった改善点等を述る．

抄録
In November 2016, in the course of developing the risk communicator training programs, the author 1） aimed at designing a place for dialog, especially a 'place for debating' that allows to examine the validity and logicality of opinions through questioning and refutation, as well as,to this end, acquiring knowledge and skills on facilitation; and 2） planned and implemented an education program that combined prior learning and interactive training program. This paper shows the necessity of preparing a place for debating, and describes the objective, goals to achieve, and tips in implementing the above-mentioned program. Having presented the information obtained through the implementation process, we explain some points to be improved clarified by the comments and questionnaires from the participants.

抄録
　科学技術コミュニケーションの重要な課題のひとつとしてリスクコミュニケーションがあり（廣野 2013），そのなかでも一般市民にも広く接点のある領域として医薬品のリスクコミュニケーションがある．特に医薬品の副作用は身近で，重大なものになりえるにもかかわらず，その事実は社会的に十分認知されているとは言えない．医薬品リスクについてのコミュニケーションを活性化させ， リテラシーを向上させる必要がある．本稿では，医薬品についてのリスク情報を掌握している薬剤師の専門性に注目し，一般市民の薬剤師との関わりの実態についての探索的調査を行った．その結果から，医薬品リテラシーの向上のために薬剤師の専門性を活用する余地があること，その際には 前提としての「薬剤師が医薬品についての専門性を持っている」という点についての社会的認知を 高める必要があることを指摘する．これは，一般市民に対して知識の増進をつい求めてしまいがちな科学コミュニケーション一般に対しても，社会的なインデックス情報の重要性を指摘するものとして示唆するところが小さくないと考えらえる．

抄録
一般の人にはなじみの薄い「物理学の成果」をどうすれば理解してもらうことができるだろうか．わかりやすさと正確さの両方を求めなければならない，という科学コミュニケーションにとって永遠の課題ともいえるこの問題について，2016年のノーベル物理学賞となった「トポロジカル相転移及び物質のトポロジカル相の理論的発見」という業績を材料に考察した．新聞，放送などのメディアに登場した解説を紹介・比較した上で，その材料となったノーベル財団の発表資料も吟味した．そこでは，一般向け解説にはどんな要素が必要かという私見を提示した．以上の分析をもとに，一般の人に理解してもらえる記事を書くにはどうすればよいかをまとめた．

抄録
本稿は2016年1月24日，北海道大学構内で開催されたCoSTEP主催のイベントにおいて「小劇団ろっか。」が上演した科学技術演劇「ゆきの日の話。」についての報告である．科学技術演劇には「知識を伝えるタイプ」と，登場人物の気持ちを伝え観客の感情を動かすことをねらいとした「気持ちを伝えるタイプ」の二つがあると考えられる．本稿では，同日のイベントにおいて，「気持ちを伝えるタイプ」として上演した「ゆきの日の話。」の制作過程に着目し，このような科学技術演劇を企画・上演する際の場所選び，脚本執筆，稽古の進め方，観客の感想，出演者の感想等を，演劇経験を持つ主宰者の観点から具体的に取り上げる．このことを通じて，科学技術演劇の意義や利点，制約条件，そして課題を明らかにする．

抄録
札幌市では，「札幌市子どもの最善の利益を実現するための権利条例（子どもの権利条例）」にもとづき，様々な場面で子どもが，提案や意見表明を行う機会を設けて，市政等に子どもの視点を反映させるとりくみを行っている．1997 年5 月に開館した札幌市下水道科学館は，下水道の広報施設として市民に親しまれてきたが，経年変化による展示物の老朽化と従来型の「見る」「聞く」中心の展示方法の陳腐化が指摘され，リニューアルが計画されている．また，展示物の更新にあたっては，下水道をとりまく環境の変化に応じた市民への効果的な情報発信が課題である．こうした現状と課題をふまえて，札幌市子ども未来局子ども育成部子どもの権利推進課は，下水道科学館のリニューアルに向けた展示のあり方について，子どもからの提案・意見募集を行った．子どもを札幌市のまちづくりに参画する大切な市民として認め，その意見を反映させる市のとりくみを，条例との関連性とともに紹介する．

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Sapporo City, on the basis of“ the Sapporo City Ordinance on Rights for the Best Interests of the Child”, is making efforts to reflect the children’s points of view to the municipal administration by providing opportunities to children making their suggestion and opinion. Sapporo Sewerage Science Museum opened May 1997 has been familiar to citizen as a public relations facility of sewerage. But the museum exhibition has been pointed out to become decrepit after years and criticized its traditional “Look and listen style”, so renewal is planned. In addition, it is required an effective dissemination of information to the public as the environment of the sewerage has changed. Under this situation and issues, Bureau for the Future of Children, Children’s Right Promotion Section of Sapporo City recruited opinion about the exhibition renewal from children. This article along with the relevance of the Ordinance introduces city’s trial which　recognizes children as important part of citizen to participate in the town planning.

抄録
Sapporo City, on the basis of“ the Sapporo City Ordinance on Rights for the Best Interests of the Child”, is making efforts to reflect the children’s points of view to the municipal administration by providing opportunities to children making their suggestion and opinion. Sapporo Sewerage Science Museum opened May 1997 has been familiar to citizen as a public relations facility of sewerage. But the museum exhibition has been pointed out to become decrepit after years and criticized its traditional “Look and listen style”, so renewal is planned. In addition, it is required an effective dissemination of information to the public as the environment of the sewerage has changed. Under this situation and issues, Bureau for the Future of Children, Children’s Right Promotion Section of Sapporo City recruited opinion about the exhibition renewal from children. This article along with the relevance of the Ordinance introduces city’s trial which　recognizes children as important part of citizen to participate in the town planning."

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近年，科学者と非科学者がテーブルを囲んで気軽に語り合う「サイエンスカフェ」が日本で広がりつつあり，開催回数・開催場所ともに急激に増加している．それに伴って，サイエンスカフェの形式も多様化してきており，現在では実に様々な形式のサイエンスカフェが開催・報告されている．本稿では，こうしたサイエンスカフェの多様性の一端として，著者らの運営するイベント「BAPcafe」を取り上げ，その運営方法と実施実績を詳述するとともに，実施記録や参加者へのアンケートをもとに，BAP cafeの特徴と効果および今後の課題について考察を行った．BAP cafeではサイエンスカフェの要素の一つである「わかりやすく説明すること」よりも，「専門的な内容について濃密な議論を展開すること」に重点を置いており，サイエンスカフェの新たな一形式として著者らは位置づけている．スピーカーと参加者の間のみならず，参加者同士，スタッフと参加者の間での対話が自然に起こり，議論が盛り上がる点が特徴であり，参加者からは，スピーカーとの距離が近く，“マニアック”な話題を共に楽しみながら深く議論を交わせるといった評価を得ている．専門性の高い内容はサイエンスカフェでは避けられがちであるが，BAP cafeではそれが長所となり，参加
者を獲得して継続的な開催につながっている．

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現在、科学技術政策において安全保障関連技術の研究が積極的に推進されている。一方で、大学や研究機関の対応は遅れている。デュアルユース研究（軍民両用研究）に関する意思決定において、研究者個人、研究組織、独立の審査機関、そして政府がどのような役割を果たすべきか、専門家による議論が求められる。その際、市民が大学や研究機関におけるデュアルユース研究をどのように捉えているのかを把握し、それを議論に反映させることが重要である。しかし、市民の意識について現状では十分に把握されていない。本稿はデュアルユース研究をテーマに開催した公開シンポジウム「デュアルユースと名のつくもの～科学技術の進展に伴う両義性を再考する」の参加者に対して実施した質問紙調査の結果について報告する。サンプルバイアスがあるため、この結果から議論できることは限定的である。しかし、賛成と反対が二分された結果は示唆的である。科学技術コミュニケーションの観点からも、デュアルユース問題に関して専門家と市民の議論を喚起する必要がある。

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2015年7月18日、国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所つくばセンターで実施された一般公開において、産総研イノベーションスクールは「色が変わる化学を身近なもので感じよう」と題した化学実験イベントを出展した。本稿では、特に子ども向け化学実験のデザインや安全管理に焦点を当て、その企画と準備作業、および当日の内容について報告する。また、イノベーションスクールに所属するさまざまな専門分野のポスドクと博士後期課程学生の研究を分かりやすく紹介することを目的とした展示についても紹介する。

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2015年7月18日、国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所つくばセンターで実施された一般公開において、産総研イノベーションスクールは「色が変わる化学を身近なもので感じよう」と題した化学実験イベントを出展した。本稿では、特に子ども向け化学実験のデザインや安全管理に焦点を当て、その企画と準備作業、および当日の内容について報告する。また、イノベーションスクールに所属するさまざまな専門分野のポスドクと博士後期課程学生の研究を分かりやすく紹介することを目的とした展示についても紹介する。

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2011年3月11日に発生した東日本大震災および福島第一原発事故（以後、震災と略す）以降、科学コミュニケーター自身がどのように考え行動したのか、彼らの肉声を集め調査したものはない。筆者らはウェブ調査から震災以降に活動に限界を感じた職業的科学コミュニケーターが5割にのぼること、さらに科学コミュニケーターの活動が限定的であることへの批判に対し、約8割の職業的科学コミュニケーターが妥当である、または比較的妥当であると考えていることを明らかにし、さ
らに、「スキル・専門性・感情」の3つの壁があることを見出した。ワークショップではこれらのデータをもとに、普段、使っているスキルをもって貢献活動にあたることが有効であることが議論された。本研究ではこれらに加え、科学コミュニケーターが適切なデータや見解を示す科学者集団と共にグループを組んで活動することで、これらの壁を乗り越えられる可能性があることを提案する。

抄録
No research has been done to record the voices of science communicators and investigate how they thought and acted during and after the March 11, 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. We conducted an Internet survey of science communicators and held a follow-up workshop. The survey revealed that about 50% of science communicators recognized certain limitations in their communication after the earthquake and that about 80% considered criticism of such limitations as appropriate or relatively appropriate. Further, we identified skills, expertise, and emotion as three principle obstacles confronting science communicators. On the basis of these data, workshop participants concluded that the application of existing science communication skills in support of the public was preferential to attempting unfamiliar forms of communication in response to the disaster. We suggest that science communicators may be able to overcome the above obstacles and limitations by acting in partnership with scientific groups providing appropriate data and perspectives.

抄録
環境教育の一環として、市民参加の自然観察会などが数多く開催されているが、主催者・インタープリターと参加者がコミュニケーションを通じて学び合っていく姿勢がみられるものは少ない。本稿では企業敷地内に設置されたビオトープにおいて生物モニタリングを自然観察会に取り込むことで、こうした問題を解決することを狙った事例を紹介する。冬季のビオトープにおいてカマキリの卵塊調査、ヤゴの捕獲調査を行い、結果をインタープリターと参加者の協働によりその場で共有することで、受け身ではない学びを実現した。またモニタリングの結果を参加者へフィードバックすることで、「自分たちの地域」についての関心や科学についての気付きをもたらし、ビオトープへの再来のきっかけとなるなど具体的な行動変化も見られた。今回得られた効果を発展させていくためには、今後も継続的に働きかけを行い、さらには地域との連携を広げた「身近な自然を活用した環境教育」が推進されることが期待される。また、この観察会で得られた質の高いモニタリング成果は、今後のビオトープ内やその周辺での自然の変化の科学的な評価にも十分活用できるものであり、こうした事例を増やしていく事が身近な自然環境の見直しや人と自然の関係の再構築に貢献できることが示された。

抄録
Although numbers of kind nature learning events are held as environmental educations, most of them failed to construct interactive learning among interpreters and participants. In this paper, we introduced a case study of the citizen participatory ecological monitoring coupling with nature learning to show an advanced interactive learning. We set two monitoring at “CHINO Biotope Forest” in Gunma, Japan; visual observation of the egg batches of mantes and capturing dragonfly larvae. Making result papers in real time brought some findings on the local nature to members and realized active learning. The case succeeded in showing the effect as the device to raise the interest in the biotope within local nature and to bring scientific awareness. As a result, such behavioral changes were also seen among participants, as repetitive visit to the biotope. It is expected that the environmental education programs within local nature are promoted by continuing the program and expanding those program to the neighboring local nature. Additionally, the monitoring outcomes obtained at the nature learning had sufficient scientific value to monitoring. Expanding and developing those studies lead to reviewing the local nature and constructing sustainable society.

抄録
科学技術へ関心の低い女性に科学技術を伝えるツールとして、かわいいと感じる要素を取り入れた科学実験・工作を考案し、その効果を調べた。女性が男性よりもより強く感じる感情である「かわいい」は、対象と関わりたい、仲良くなりたいという共感性や、社会的交流を求める感情に関連している。実験・工作を体験した中学生に対し「実験を体験していない人にも話したいか」というアンケート調査を行ったところ、普段の理科の授業や実験はあまり人に話さないのに対し、かわいいと感じる要素を取り入れた実験は特に女性にとって誰かに話したくなる実験であることがわかった。「かわいい」と科学の組み合わせは、実験実施者から体験者だけでなく実験体験者からその知人へと波及していく効果があり、より多くの人へ体験を伝えるという意味で、特に若い年代の女性にとって科学技術コミュニケーションの強力なツールになると思われる。

抄録
A workshop combined science with the concept of“ Kawaii (a Japanese word meaning“ cute”）” were investigated in the view point of the promotion of science literacy for female junior high school students. “Kawaii” is a positive emotion relating to the social motivation of watching for and staying with preferable objects, especially women are found to be more positive and sensitive to it. Junior high school girls who had attended the “Kawaii” science workshop answered that they wanted to talk to others about “Kawaii” science experiments more than conventional science experiments of regular class. The combination of cute and science would be a good way of science communication for girls.

抄録
科学・技術への関心が高いわけではない人々（非高関心層）にどのようにリーチするのかは、科学コミュニケーションの課題のひとつである。本報告では、これまで科学技術理解増進活動や広報活動、高大連携の観点から議論されることが多かった大学の公開講座の「科学への関心が高いわけではない人々でも参加しやすい科学コミュニケーションの場」としての機能に着目し、東京大学教養学部で実施されている公開講座「高校生のための金曜特別講座」の参加者動向を分析した。参加者のセグメンテーションおよびセグメント別の講義評価の結果、高校生では科学技術への関心が比較的高くない層が公開講座に参加していることと、公開講座を通じてそれらの層の参加者に科学技術に関する知識や講師の考え方がある程度提示されている可能性、大講義形式においても質疑応答やコメントを通じて限定的ながら双方向性が確保できる可能性が示された。それらの結果を踏まえ、科学コミュニケーションにおける大人数制の公開講座の可能性について述べる。

抄録
防災教育において、知識の提供のみで十分と言えないことは周知の事実である。例えば、気象庁では警報を始めとする「防災気象情報」により重大な災害への警戒を呼びかけてきたが、住民や地方自治体が災害発生の危険性を十分に理解することに繋げられない事例、十分な避難行動に結びつかない事例もあった。基本的な情報がどこでどのように入るか、それがどのような情報であるのか、知識として人々が持っていなければ、有事、各々の状況に合わせた判断や行動につなげることも難しいと考えられる。そこで、人々の防災情報の知識を高め、その知識を行動に結びつけるために、災害についての考え方の変容を促進する教育プログラムが必要である。本研究では、大雨に対する防災情報の知識や意識の向上を目的としたワークショップを設計し、その実践の結果からワークショップの学習効果の分析を行った。

抄録
It is a well-known fact that the provision of disaster prevention knowledge is not enough to disaster prevention education to the public. For example, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued ‘weather information for disaster prevention’, including warnings, to inform people that a serious disaster was about to occur. But, residents and local municipalities were not adequately aware about the risk of disaster, warnings failed to result in adequate evacuation procedures, in some cases. If people do not acquire knowledge about where and how to receive basic information, and what kind of information is available, it is difficult to make judgments and act according to individual situations in emergencies. To strengthen people's knowledge of information for disaster prevention and connect this knowledge to action, there is a need for educational programs that encourage people to change the way they think about disasters. Therefore, in this study, we designed workshops with the aim of improving knowledge and awareness of weather information for disaster prevention in response to heavy rain and analyzed the learning effects of these workshops.

抄録
理化学研究所 発生・再生科学総合研究センターで2014 年に起こった研究不正とそれをめぐる危機をきっかけに，研究者，広報担当者，マスメディア関係者が集まったシンポジウム「研究成果をなぜ発表しどのように伝えるか」（2015 年4 月28 日，北海道大学）での議論を踏まえ，　①一般市民と専門家　②研究組織と個人研究者　③科学広報と科学ジャーナリズム，という3点について，まとめた．

抄録
2015年4月28日に開催されたシンポジウム「研究成果をなぜ発表しどのように伝えるのか〜科学と社会のより良い関係をめざす」の主催機関のひとつである科学技術広報研究会の，シンポジウム参加会員間における議論で，科学技術広報の課題や改善策が明らかになった．科学技術広報は，研究広報と組織広報という二つの側面を持ち，組織内で部署別の各広報担当者の適切な協働が必要である．研究者の広報への関与も重要であり，研究者倫理という枠の中で研究者が果たすべき広報活動，広報担当者との協働関係，また組織における広報担当者の位置づけの明確化が重要である．また，メディアおよび研究者との間にあって，広報担当者はメディアと研究者を媒介する潤滑油の役
割であるという認識の共有と，互恵的な関係の構築が求められる．研究成果のメディア発表については，発表に至る手順の精査や効果的な文章が書ける人材の登用や育成が重要であるが，研究者と広報担当者が適切な役割分担をして仕上げることも現実的な解決策である．クライシス時のコミュニケーションを乗り切るためにはメディアとのコミュニケーションに長けた人員を配した適切な体制を取ることが有効である．一方で，ソーシャルメディアの台頭にも留意すべきことが判明した．

抄録
When scientific research results are published and announced for society, the information is disseminated through a form of a press release mostly in the order of researchers to public relations staff to journalists to society. In this study, first-year graduate students delve into the role of researchers, public relations staff and journalists, who are all regarded as professionals involved with the information dissemination, and examine issues and countermeasures from the viewpoint of the students. There are two reasons for putting out press releases that serves as a means to deliver research results to citizens. One is accountability to society since scientific research activities are conducted based on public funding, which stems from taxpayers’money. The second is information sharing with society so that decision-making processes in the so called transknowledge areas, which include issues requiring input from both experts and citizens, can take place by involving informed citizens. Six problems concerning press releases are discussed here. They are wrong understanding of research results, their overemphasis, attention by society to areas other than the research results, discrepancies in their standpoint between researchers and their affiliation, revelation of research misconduct or ethically wrong research conduct, and difference between citizens, journalists and scientists in their attitude toward research outcome. Countermeasures to deal with these problems can be roughly divided into two, which are respective recognition of one’s profession and research ethics education, as well as formation of a feedback channel for such information. After recognizing the differences in the role of three professions involved with a press release, it is important to design a system based on a premise that discrepancies between the norms and realities exist. What is important in designing the system is to anticipate and allow differences in recognition so that a foundation is created to enable specialists to act as a mediator.

抄録
記者発表による市民への情報伝達過程では，情報はおおむね研究者，広報担当者，ジャーナリスト，市民の順で伝わる．そこで，記者発表に関与する専門職と考えられる研究者，広報担当者，ジャーナリストの役割を考え，情報伝達過程における課題と解決策を博士後期課程1年次の大学院生の視点から考察した．市民に研究成果を届ける記者発表をする理由は二つある．税金を原資として運営する研究の市民に対する説明と，「トランス−専門知」が関わる領域での社会の意思決定のための情報提供である．ここで記者発表をめぐる課題は六つ挙げられるだろう．研究成果の間違った理解と伝搬，研究成果の強調，社会からの関心の研究成果以外への集中，研究者個人と組織の立場の相反，研究不正や倫理的問題の発覚，そして，市民・ジャーナリスト・科学者の態度の違いである．これらの課題の解決策はおおむね，それぞれの専門職としての役割の認識と倫理教育，情報のフィードバック回路の形成に大別できる．ここから，記者発表に関わる三者の役割の違いを認識したうえで，規範と現実の食い違いは生じるとの前提でシステムの設計をするのが重要である．そして，その設計において大事なことは認識のずれを許容し吸収する仕組みの準備である．そのためには，バッファーとしての役割を担う中間的専門家が活動できる基盤が必要である．

抄録
In the STAP scandal， that is based on the STAP paper published in January， 2014 and later confirmed as a research misconduct， the issues of research ethic as well as of research public relation activities were identified. Japan Association of Communication for Science and Technology （JACST） and Hokkaido University Ambitious Leader’s Program （APL） regarded this scandal as a proactive opportunity and decided to hold the open symposium to discuss what and how scientists and public relation officers should be involved and how and what kinds of risks scientists and public relation officers should be prepared for such cases. In advance， we planned to hold a closed-workshop before the open discussion. In the workshop， we identified 6 issues for discussion: relationship between organizations and individuals， relationship between publicizing research results and research ethics， roles of researchers， roles of public relation officers and staff， roles of media， perception from citizen society.

抄録
2014年1月にいわゆるSTAP論文として発表され，のちに研究不正と認定されたSTAP騒動では，研究倫理の問題とあわせ研究広報のあり方の問題もクローズアップされた．科学技術広報研究会（以下，JACST）と北海道大学（以下，北大）物質科学フロンティアを開拓するAmbitiousリーダー育成プログラム（以下，ALP）ではこれを積極的な契機ととらえ，研究成果の公表において研究者や科学技術広報担当者は何にどのように関与すべきか，どのようなリスクにどのように準備すべきかを考える公開シンポジウムを実施することとした．そこでまず，幅広く論点を抽出し整理するために主催・共催関係者限りのクローズド・ワークショップを開催し，公開での議論のために論点を整理した．その結果として，研究成果を報道発表する際の課題は「組織と個人の関係」，「研究成果の発表と研究倫理の関係」，「研究者の役割」，「広報担当の役割」「メディアの役割」，「市民社会からの見え方」の六つの論点に集約された．

抄録
素粒子は顕微鏡等を用いても目にすることができず，波と粒子の両方の性質を持つという性質上，イメージすることが難しい．素粒子を扱う素粒子物理学は，それゆえ直感的にわかりにくい分野である．そこで我々は，素粒子物理学を直感的にわかりやすく説明し，また同時に関心を持ってもらうため，わかりやすいコミュニケーションのツールとして，イラストとマンガに着目した．　本稿では，最初に「わかる」という概念を整理し，その上でイラストが，想像することが困難な事柄を「想像できるものに例えて」その概念を大枠で説明することに役立つことを主張する．例えばイラストでは，素粒子を目に見える特徴を持ったキャラクターにすることで，これが可能になった．さらにマンガでは，素粒子や素粒子実験をキャラクターとして用い，素粒子物理学のエッセンスを組み込んだストーリーにすることで，文章だけでは興味を持ちづらい事項を，親しみやすく提示することができた．また特徴的な活動のひとつは，科学技術に関する審議会の議事録をイラストで説明したことだ．
こうした取り組みは，これまで単に「わかる」ためのみに用いられていたイラストを，双方向のコミュニケーションの土台として活用できる．

抄録
近年，科学コミュニケーション活動は広がりを見せ，学齢期の子どもたちが学校外で科学に触れる機会も益々充実し豊富になってきている．彼らが科学を学ぶ中心的な機会である小学校の理科教育現場においても「科学コミュニケーション」の視点を取り入れた取組み等がなされ，科学コミュニケーション活動と理科教育との連携も摸索されている．本稿では，親子を対象とした「コドモtoサイエンスカフェ」を事例とし，参加者へのアンケート，サイエンスカフェ内で出された子どもたちからの質問をもとに，子どもたちの視点からサイエンスカフェと小学校理科との連携の可能性およびその配慮すべき点について考察を行った．その結果，参加者のうち約半数の子どもがコドモtoサイエンスカフェと小学校理科との共通性を感じていることが分かった．また共通性を感じない理由は，サイエンスカフェ，小学校理科で扱われる内容の深さが異なることによるものであった．さらに，子どもたちから出される質問は，学校で習った知識の背景にある理由を尋ねるものや，テレビや図鑑で見たり聞いたりしたことのあるものについて尋ねたものなど，サイエンスカフェ，小学校理科両者の内容を横断するものであった．これらの結果をもとに，サイエンスカフェと小学校理科との連携にとって重要だと考えられるポイントを，「サイエンスカフェの主催者，小学校理科の教員が互いの存在を意識して子どもたちの疑問に対する回答を行うこと」「子どもが両者の特性を理解して能動的に学べるようにすること」であると示した．

抄録
近年，科学コミュニケーションの必要性が認識され，2013年の科学コミュニケーションセンターによる調査では回答者である研究者の過半数以上が研究者以外の人々を対象とした科学コミュニケーション活動を体験している．一方で，そのような機会に参加する人々は科学への関心が元々高い層であり，科学への関心の低い層の取り込みには課題があるといわれている．今後は，普段科学コミュニケーション活動に参加しない「科学への関心の低い層」への情報発信が必要だと考えられる．本報告では，科学への関心が低い層に向け科学者情報の発信を試み，動的に研究者を紹介するWebサイト「研究者時計」を作成し，結果を分析した．本Webサイトでは，閲覧者に研究内容だけ
ではなく研究者個人の多様性を見せ，研究活動へ興味を持ってもらうことを狙った．そのために，研究者を時刻ごとにランダムに表示するなど，楽しさ・やわらかさ・親しみやすさを重視したインタフェースを本Webサイトに用いた．本実践を分析するにあたり，Google Analyticsを用いた閲覧者分析，Webアンケート等を行った．本論では本実践の過程，結果，そして課題について述べる．

抄録
科学技術と社会の関係が複雑化している現在，「科学技術と社会」関連の授業を開講する大学は今後増えていくだろう．本報告では，科学技術を支える制度や仕組みを理解するための授業プログラムを紹介する．本授業プログラムでは，大人数（300人以上）でピアレビューなどのグループワークを行ったり，実験レポートを作成する課題をこなしたりすることによって，文科系の学部学生にテクノロジー・アセスメントや研究倫理について体験的な理解を促すことを目的としている．これらのグループワークやレポート課題には，大学生として身につけてほしいリサーチリテラシーやビジネスメール・告知ビラの書き方など実践的方法を学べる工夫も施されている．また授業で扱った概念や事例を4コマ漫画で説明する課題をこなすことによって，文科系の学部学生が科学技術を身近に感じ，彼らの日常生活に引き寄せて考えられるような「科学技術と社会」の授業とすることを目的としている．

抄録
The complexity of science, technology and society will require more “Science, Technology and Society” class program at universities. This report introduces an experience-based learning program that teaches systems that support scientific activities such as technology assessment, research ethics to non-science course university students. Unique assignments were given such as writing email, creating broachers, writing an experiment report and drawing 4-cell manga to understand“ science, technology and society” issues in their everyday lives. Class exercise was held in a large classroom more than 300 students interactively and lecture of science and technology was aimed to attract non-science course university students.

抄録
準備期間が短いCoSTEPの集中演習において，科学技術演劇を企画・上演した際のプロセスを報告する．SNSを用いた集中演習前の準備，企画発表，リハーサル前後の演劇の変更点，発表前のグループワークや上演本番で行ったことや気づいたことを具体的に示すことで，短期間のグループワークで演劇を企画・上演するためのポイントを示す．

抄録
サイエンスカフェにおいては，話題提供者である研究者とファシリテーターの存在が必須である．ファシリテーターに求められる能力が単に研究内容を理解し一般向けに言葉を移し替えることなら研究の同業者がいいだろう．一方で，こうしたカフェでは，“参加者が先生同士の対談を見物する”という図式を招くおそれもある．そこで，科学の素人がファシリテーターを務めることにも意味があると考え，筆者らが大学で企画したサイエンスカフェを紹介したい．話題提供者である専門家と一般事務職員が務めるファシリテーターによるカフェは想像以上に好評を持って迎えられた．特に理解のプロセスに対する評価が高かったが，そこにはファシリテーターとスタッフによる準備段階でのストーリー作成が必要だった．一般市民が，自分と同じレベルの科学リテラシーを持つファシリテーターが作り上げたストーリーに沿って研究を理解するとき，知的な充実感が高まり，大きな満足感を感じられるのだろう．

抄録
福島第一原子力発電所の事故以降，主に放射能リスクをテーマとしたリスクコミュニケーションの取り組みが各地で進められてきた．だが，多くは啓蒙的な説明会にとどまっており，専門家と一般市民との間に十分な双方向の対話の場を生み出せていない．こうした状況を克服するためには，リスク情報を正確かつ受け手側に配慮しながら発信できるリスクコミュニケーターの育成が急務である．北海道大学CoSTEPでは2014年度にリスクコミュニケーション選択実習という新しい実習を設け，福島の農業と放射能リスクをテーマに活動した．最終的に2015年2月から3月にかけ，三つの対話イベントを実施した．本実習では，「コンテンツの制作能力」「コミュニケーションの場を生み出す能力」「適切なフレームを協働構築する能力」の三つの能力を育成することを目指し，TV番組等を活用して実習中に何度もリスク問題を取り上げて議論を重ねたこと．実際に福島で調査したこと．現地取材した映像を実習メンバーで編集してサイエンス・カフェ等で映像レポートとして上映したことの三つが大きな特徴である．これらの実践を通して「当事者性」「主体性」「多様な価値観」を獲得することができ，上記三つの能力にポジティブな効果がもたらされた．

抄録
日本では，サイエンティフィック・イラストレーション（以下，SI）やメディカル・イラストレーション（以下，MI）を描くイラストレーターが注目されることは少なく，彼らの活動はよくわかっていない．本稿では，SIやMIを描くイラストレーターの団体活動に注目し，団体活動の動向を明らかにすることを目的とした．方法はインタビュー調査である．SIやMIを活動テーマに含み，プロのイラストレーターが関わっている11の団体を選定し，代表や事務局などにインタビュー調査を実施した．その結果，日本にはSIをテーマとする小規模の団体のほか，植物などの重複する，あるいは下位のテーマで活動する団体，SIやMIよりも広いテーマで活動する団体がみられた．2010年以降，SIとMIのイラストレーター向けの教育を行う団体も現れていた．団体の活動内容は設立時期が90年代以前の団体は展示を，90年代頃に設立された団体は研究会を，2010年以降の団体は教育を行うという傾向があった．また，日本のSIやMIのプロのイラストレーターは関心に合う団体に分散して所属する傾向があった．全体としてSIやMIのプロのイラストレーターの巨大な職業団体や教育組織を持つ欧米とは，特徴が大きく異なることが明らかになった．

抄録
サイエンスカフェのような科学技術イベントは，科学技術イノベーション政策（STI政策）のためのパブリックエンゲージメントの推進に有効な手段であると考えられる一方で，そのようなパブリックエンゲージメントのイベント参加者から得られた意見が，母集団である市民全体の意見をど
の程度代表したものであるかを測定することは重要な課題となっている．本研究ではこの課題に取り組むべく，セグメンテーション手法が，パブリックエンゲージメントの参加者の多様性の評価においても有効かを調べることを目的とし，インターネット調査を行った．調査の結果から，「科学・技術への高関与層」に分類された参加者は，政策形成に関与しようという意向が強く，また，政治的有効性感覚の内的有効感が高いということが示された．この結果は，「科学・技術への関与度」を定量化するセグメンテーション手法が，「政策への関与度」の違いを量的に指標化する上でも有効であることを示唆している．

抄録
Science and technology events, such as science cafes, are expected to provide accessible space for public engagement in science, technology and innovation policy. Yet, it has been an important issue how to measure the degree to which voices of participants in such public engagement events represent public opinions. In order to tackle this issue, we conducted a web survey to examine whether the segmentation approach can be a useful tool to evaluate the representativeness of public engagement participants. Results of the survey revealed that respondents who were classified as “highly engaged in science and technology” were highly motivated to engage in policy-making, and were shown to have a greater internal sense of political efficacy. These observations suggest that the marketing segmentation to quantify the level of engagement in science and technology of a target group can be used to measure its level of engagement in policy-making to a certain extent.

抄録
In this article we investigate the method of translation of Western science in the translated volume for Japanese citizens titled Kinmo Kyuri Zukai translated by Fukuzawa Yukichi in the Meiji era. In the discussion we recognize science communication as cross-cultural communication. We carried out comparison of contents between several source texts and the target text firstly and secondly conducted translation analysis based on the explicitation and implicitation methods from the perspective of translation studies. After comparison, we found that Fukuzawa selected specific disciplines among different disciplines in the source texts. Through this analysis, in the translation methods observed, we extracted Fukuzawa’s strategies, being visualization of astronomical facts via metaphors that were possible to be visualized by daily tools, emphasis of the concept Shoko （proof, evidence） by explicitation. Several scientific concepts impossible to be visualized were implicitated. Looking at his translation from the perspective of cross-cultural communication, he tried to lower the threshold that existed between scientific culture and Japanese local culture via these translation methods. He tried not only to show scientific contents but also scientific norms, values, and others, which meant that Fukuzawa played an important role as a cross-cultural communicator.

抄録
2007 年に創刊した本誌の目的は，科学技術コミュニケーションにおける様々な活動の成果を蓄積・相互評価し，当分野の累積的発展に寄与することにある（杉山　2007）．本誌のタイトルにもなっている「科学技術コミュニケーション」とは何か，いつから始まったのか，ということ自体に議論があるところだが，一つの見方として今年は10 年目の年とすることができるだろう．2004年『科学技術白書』において科学技術コミュニケーションが大きく取り上げられ（文部科学省　2004），2005 年には北海道大学CoSTEPを始めとした教育プログラムが各地で始まった．この間，数多くの教育・実践・研究活動がおこなわれてきた．また，科学技術コミュニケーションに大きな影響を与える様々な出来事があった．科学技術コミュニケーションは評価や批判を受けつつ，トップダウンとボトムアップの両面からここに至っている．では，これまでの活動によって，個人や社会に何を生み出し，何を生み出せなかったのだろうか．科学技術コミュニケーションの「これまで」を振り返り，「これから」の議論に資する論考を集めたのが本小特集である．

抄録
STAP cell problems including its scientific misconduct problem are now very serious matters for Science and Technology in Japan. Science communication in such situation is considered as a good tool for mutual understanding between layperson and professionals.

抄録
There is increasing pressure on Japanese universities and research institutions to actively promote their research outcomes to global audiences. One factor driving this phenomenon is increasing global competition among states and organizations for highly-qualified individuals. The University of Tokyo (UTokyo) has set itself the task of becoming a“ world-leading center of knowledge” and there is an awareness within the university of the need to reach a wider audience both domestically and globally to achieve this objective. The university’s Public Relations Office established “UTokyo Research” in 2010 to promote the university’s research domestically and internationally and to nurture personnel able to support the dissemination of research outcomes. This paper introduces the origin and development of UTokyo Research and the efforts of the university’s Public Relations Office to promote research outcomes in English to a global audience.

抄録
This practice report raises some questions of dialogical workshop design about science and technology policy topics. Focusing participant’s talk, we analyze relationship between presenting participant’s identity and facilitator’s practice of consolidation of opinions. As a result, we find following points. （1） Presenting identity when particular participant express his opinions make/form relationship with other participant’s identity.（ 2） Participant’s identity changes at each time, and relies on course of interactional context. These results provide the resource when we rethink relationship between conservation of opinions diversity and methods of gathering various opinions, and design workshop that oriented deliberative communication in public.

抄録
We report the exhibition of the artworks that utilize, or are inspired by, the data of artificial satellites operated for scientific or practical purposes. The exhibition was held at the Kwasan (astronomical) observatory, Kyoto University, and the artworks were invited from public. The aim of the exhibition is to search and invoke the demands of the scientific (and practical) satellite data, or research resources in general, from artists and designers, and hence explore the possibilities of new ways of data utilization by non-experts and science communication through such activities. It was found that many artists were interested in not only the data itself but also the scientific significance (or meaning) of the data and the way the scientists (experts) look and feel about the data. Problems and possible improvements for the expansion of the utilization of satellite date are discussed.

抄録
As a place of science communication, museums are being expected to encourage all citizens to avail and participate in its activities. This paper focuses on adults with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) with whom a questionnaire survey was carried out. 80% of them answered they liked museums. There were two main reasons behind this: the appreciation for the museum’s side of satisfying intellectual interests and its less burdening atmosphere and environment for people with ASD who are hypersensitive. On the other hand, it became clear that services for improving learning effect are not being sufficiently used by them. They also face some difficulties when using museums: museums might be inconveniently located, do not match well with their hypersensitivity, and often have hard to understand indications and instructions. The result of the survey reveals that there is an expectation for museums to improve usability to match better with people with ASD’s characteristics. Such improvement will have to take into consideration different positions that people have and obstacles they face, in order to incorporate universal design to museums and develop educational programs that utilize minorities’abilities. On a long-term basis, museums’contribution will be expected for the development of science communication and community.

抄録
胎児の染色体異常を検査とする無侵襲性出生前遺伝学的検査（NIPT）は，検査採血の容易さ，妊娠早期の検査実施，および高い信頼性により生殖の自己決定権を向上しうる．しかし，臨床的，倫理的，および社会的問題も同時にもたらした．我々はNIPTに関するサイエンスカフェを実施し，その結果を考察した．　このカフェでは，参加者に生殖や先天異常の情報を提供するとともに，NIPTに対する様々な姿勢や関連法についても説明した．アンケート調査の結果，参加者のNIPT受容性は，受容可能（27%），どちらかというと受容可能（32%），どちらかというと受容不可能（14%），受容不可能（1%），回答不能（26%）となり，既報の世論調査と比較すると，一部参加者がより慎重な姿勢となった可能性が示唆された．また，一部参加者は遺伝的疾患や知能の検査へのNIPT利用を受容しうると回答した．NIPTの更なる利用拡大に先立ち，生殖の自己決定権のより倫理的な行使には社会教育の充実が不可欠であるが，サイエンスカフェは親密な雰囲気下での情報提供と参加者間コミュニケーションの促進が可能であることから，有効な社会教育の一つとなりうる．

抄録
Although clinical use of non-invasive prenatal genetic testing (NIPT) to detect fetal aneuploidy may improve reproductive autonomy owing to early testing, its reliability, as well as the ease of obtaining blood samples, NIPT raises clinical, ethical, and social issues. We herein report the implementation of a science cafe regarding NIPT and examine the results.　In this cafe, we explained various attitudes toward NIPT and relevant policies as well as information regarding on human reproduction and congenital anomalies. The subsequent survey clarified the acceptability of NIPT among the participants as follows: acceptable = 27%, rather acceptable = 32%, rather unacceptable = 14%, unacceptable = 1%, and unanswerable = 26%. These results and considerations suggested the possibility that this science cafe increased caution among some of the participants with respect to NIPT. Meanwhile, the survey also revealed the possibility that some individuals may accept the use of NIPT to detect genetic diseases and assess intelligence. Prior to the further spread of NIPT, social education should be given for better exercising reproductive autonomy. From this perspective, a science cafe may be an effective approach, as it provides important information in a casual and intimate manner and promotes mutual communication among the participants.

抄録
In this paper, we proposed a novel serious game for decentralized autonomous electric power network called i-Rene （inter intelligent renewable energy network）. Renewable energy sources and micro energy-storages have been attracted in years past. We have proposed a concept which not only improves energy independence but also achieves an optimal allocation of renewables by introducing market mechanisms based on artificial learning multi-agent system. Although such decentralized network would play an important role to install further renewable energy, there is no similar system in this real world today. Many people are unfamiliar with such renewable energy network. It means that the many people are not ready to adopt such decentralized autonomous electric power network. This has been an invisible barrier to install the new electric power network. To solve this problem, we propose to use a serious game. We developed a handon game simulating i-Rene based on serious game concepts. We evaluate the performance of this platform through two experiments.

抄録
We conducted two internet surveys to examine the utility of the segmentation method for assessing audiences of science and technology events. We used the segmentation method developed by the Victorian Government in Australia（ VSEG）, which separates respondents according to the extent of their engagement in science and technology. In survey 1, the results showed the following: 1） the respondents showed partial time stability on segmentation, and 2） respondents who were classified as high engagement in science and technology showed a greater interest in technical terms compared with those who were classified as low engagement in science and technology. In survey 2, the results showed the following: 1） those who have a willingness to attend to science and technology events were common among respondents who were classified as high engagement in science and technology, 2） respondents who were classified as high engagement in science and technology were highly intrinsically motivated to attend to these events, and 3） they anticipated that they would feel high self-efficacy when they attend to these events. These results demonstrate few differences between large-scale and small-scale events. We have discussed the utility of VSEG for assessing audiences of science and technology events.

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This paper examines the reliability of the knowledge measurement methods about radiation and also analyzes the factors which affect people’s anxiety. A true-false test was used to measure people’s knowledge of radiation since it is considered to be a more objective method than self-report method. In this paper two types of true-false test were made and their accuracy rates were compared. Each test contained question items that evaluate scientific knowledge of radiation but were worded differently. As a result of this experiment, some question item pairs which evaluate the same knowledge but had different wordings showed a significantly different accuracy rate, which means that the accuracy of the true-false test is relative to the wording of the questions. As a solution to this problem, item response theory was used to reduce the influence of the wording on this knowledge measurement test. Finally, the relationship among anxiety and other variables was analyzed. In this study interest in social problems didn’t have a significant effect on anxiety. However, activeness of information gathering and risk perceptions had a positive effect. It was also determined that hearing from specialists and having an interest in science or knowledge of radiation reduced anxiety.

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This article is intended to analyze how and on what a scientist “reflected” （defined in Adult Learning） in a science communication process. The method is a case study. The author participated in a project of a science cafe by a students’ group in JAIST, observed their planning, preparing, practice and evaluation processes, and analyzed when and on what the presenter reflected. As a result, the presenter reflected about the relationship among his study and the local area, his premises about the audience, problems of his presentation, research contents and organizational problems of the project. He reflected more in preliminary stages than after the practice, and most of his reflections were, sometimes unintentionally, for the success of his presentation and project. It is thought that a motivation to success science communication promotes reflections of a presenter. The results indicate that immense preparation for communication or continual communication is necessary for a scientist’s reflection.

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Theme setting is important for science communications. But in many cases, it is not interactively. That is one reason to think people science communications are forced to accept scientific conclusions. Interactivity is an important key word on science communications. So I organized The Round Table Discussion in Okkope , a new type of science communication. In this Round Table Discussion, the participants can choose theme. The theme chose by the participants was “we want to eat products from our town”. It is not scientific theme but social issue. But scientific issues are necessary to discuss about this theme. We discussed about social issues from scientific theme. But this new type science communication is discussing scientific issues from social theme. This type of science communications is based on people’s own life. It is important to add this type of science communication.

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World Wide Views on Biodiversity (WWViews2012) was held on September 15, 2012. Roughly 3,000 ordinary citizens in 25 countries participated in it simultaneously, and they deliberated on issues such as the conservation of biodiversity both on land and in the sea and the way of burden and benefit sharing. WWViews is a participatory mechanism designed to involve “ordinary citizens” in discussion about complex global issues for the purpose of giving advice to policymakers. It was introduced for the first time in 2009 on global warming issues, and the WWViews2012 was the second attempt. Prior studies on the WWViews2009 show that there were great difficulties in participants discussing global issues in internationally uniform agendas and programs because they found the issues something unfamiliar and far from their life. In this study, we investigated the way the participants and facilitators overcame the difficulties through close participant observation of the process of WWViews2012 in Japan. By analyzing the data of group discussion and post-event interviews with participants, we found that the participants utilized three methods in order to “contextualize” the complex and often unfamiliar topics: (1) bringing in life experience and actual feeling, (2) using information material as a catalyst to draw out diverse points of view, (3) bridging the gap between personal interest and public agendas by sharing different understandings of key concepts in discussion.

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This article study how interviewees accomplish “showing their state of knowledge” and “participating” in group interview settings. Group interview’s topic was“ science and technology”, especially “regenerative medicine”. Interviewees were non-expert person of regenerative medicine, and were not acquainted with each other. In this situation, interviewee’s interactional problem is how describe own state of knowledge. Interviewee’s descriptions are conducted by co-participants to see what he/she is doing by talking in that way. In this article, we describe interviewee’s action over their state of knowledge of regenerative medicine, and based on the results of the description, elucidate their “method” of participation in interaction. In light of the above, we discuss the contribution of this article’s description for science communication colleagues.

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Science cafés have become popular as casual public dialogue format since 2005, when is considered the first year of science communication in Japan. We conducted a research focused on the participants in science cafés, using a method of marketing research,“ segmentation.” We used the third generation of segmentation method, which was originally from Victorian Government in Australia and was considered as useful to access target audiences and segmented the participants in science cafes and other science and technology （S&T） events such as public lectures, science festivals as “the high engagement in S&T” and “the low engagement in S&T” segments. As a result, we found that major participants in science cafés belonged to “the high engagement in S&T” segment and this tendency was true of public lectures and science festivals. However, we also found that the following three formats had a potential to attract “the lowly engagement in S&T” segment. 1） The theme is relevant to their lives. 2） The events are held in a place where can serve alcohols such as a bar. 3） The theme looks collaborative with non-science area such as art or Japanese culture. We need more samples and further analysis to better understand the participants in S&T events.

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Science cafés have become popular as casual public dialogue format since 2005, when is considered the first year of science communication in Japan. We conducted a research focused on the participants in science cafés, using a method of marketing research, "segmentation." We used the third generation of segmentation method, which was originally from Victorian Government in Australia and was considered as useful to access target audiences and segmented the participants in science cafes and other science and technology （S&T） events such as public lectures, science festivals as "the high engagement in S&T" and "the low engagement in S&T" segments. As a result, we found that major participants in science cafés belonged to "the high engagement in S&T" segment and this tendency was true of public lectures and science festivals. However, we also found that the following three formats had a potential to attract "the lowly engagement in S&T" segment. 1） The theme is relevant to their lives. 2） The events are held in a place where can serve alcohols such as a bar. 3） The theme looks collaborative with non-science area such as art or Japanese culture. We need more samples and further analysis to better understand the participants in S&T events.

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In this paper, we analyze the participants' process of understanding and discussion in a deliberative poll that requires them to acquire a certain amount of scientific knowledge. Changes in the understanding and opinions of individuals are traced through transcripts of actual discussions and responses to questionnaires. This reveals, on the one hand, that people gain information not only through written documents, movies, and professional comments that answer their questions, but also through small-group discussions. It also shows that a small-group discussion helps participants, even those who do not talk much, to form their own opinions. On the other hand, our analysis shows that some parts of the small-group discussion proceeded with the participants having an improper or insufficient understanding of scientific contents involved in the discussion topics. This led us to believe that deliberation is not possible based on a single deliberative poll but rather on a series of deliberative polls, or other events that aim to induce deliberation.

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Currently, various challenges fusing science and art (known as "science art") have been encountered. In this paper, we investigate how mass media deal with science art through a text analysis of the articles about the transgenic art of Eduardo Kac. Kac's works were presented when the debates concerning genetically modified organisms (GMOs) got complicated. Particularly, GFP Bunny Alba, one of his works, came to be described as a symbol of transgenic technologies and genetically modified organisms in those news articles. It was found that there are several frames of reference in articles about Kac's works: discussions on GMOs, perspectives on religions and ethics, and the possibilities or wonderment derived from the fusion of different genres. Considering text analysis, we discuss the role of science arts (1) to give scientific knowledge to people, (2) to give speculative images of the future world or alarming derived from new scientific technologies, and (3) to call attention to advances in scientific knowledge.

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The purpose of the present study is to clarify the characteristics of long-term memories of visitors' experiences in science museums. A total of 812 adults (293 staffs of science museums, 421 undergraduate and graduate students, and 98 elderly adults), who had experiences of visits to science museums, participated in this study. The participants were asked to rate the actual long-term memories of the museums in a questionnaire including the Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (MCQ) consisting of the original 38 items and an item relating to the direct influence of the experience on the participants. The data of 692 participants (198 museum staffs, 413 students, and 81 elderly adults), out of the total, were performed with a factor analysis. It was found that the MCQ items were composed by five factors: (1) clarity, (2) meaningful interpretation, (3) sensory experiences, (4) temporal information and (5) feeling. The differential rating patterns for each factor in the three participant groups based on this factor structure of the MCQ were mainly discussed in terms of personal implication or reinterpretation of specific experiences of long-term memories. Based on these results, several practical implications were suggested from the viewpoint of museum evaluation.

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Most universities in Japan conduct course evaluation as part of the faculty development program, and many methods to improve course content have been proposed. However, few studies discuss the improvement of omnibus courses. In this paper, we suggest a new method to improve omnibus courses, especially their consistency and relevance. We designed an omnibus course named "Clean Energy Business and Social Acceptance," which consisted of six serial lectures, each conducted by a different lecturer. Prior to the running of the course, we interviewed the lecturers and formulated a conceptual network with regard to the course content. The conceptual network helped lecturers grasp the course content and facilitated the improvement in relations among lectures. At the end of each lecture, we collected students' responses including some keywords pertaining to topics they were interested in. We integrated these keywords into another conceptual network and then examined the consistency and relevance of the lectures. The measures of network analysis were used to compare the keyword network with that of the previous year's course, with regard to which no conceptual network was formulated before the course and no interviews were conducted. The comparison revealed the effectiveness of our method.

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This study focuses on the difference of public interest and expectation for eight scientific fields. The investigated fields included astronomy, planetary science, particle physics, mathematics, solid state physics, paleontology, seismology, and molecular biology. For analyzing the interest and expectation for the eight science fields, a survey was administered to 780 people over 20 years old. Expectation was rated high in the fields in which research contents are easy to understand and the research findings are believed to be linked to daily life. On the other hand, fields considered to be abstract and not related with daily life were rated lower in public interest and expectation. On the basis of these findings, we will discuss the future of science communication in these fields.

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In the last decade, scientists are expected to present their researches. It is symbolized as the term: "science communications" and "inter-discipline communications." We suggest and explain "Presentation Competition of Graduate Students" (PCGS). In October 2011, we, Tsukuba Graduate students' Network, conducted PCGS during a university festival and proved its effects. As results, various multi-discipline communications have been promoted among University of Tsukuba. In our university, there are few cases of the collaborated researches which leverage the opportunities that the university has almost every discipline. In this paper, we suggest PCGS as a solution of the problems and demonstrate the details about the implementation plans, strategies and results. We also inspect the impacts as evaluations with the interviews of each concerned, e.g. speaker, judge and visitor. We expect that the PCGS will be held at other universities.

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The argument how researchers and science communicators apply the visual media in science communication is still poor. Therefore, in this paper, I consider from the background that the visual media became able to utilize and arrange it about the role of the visual media in science communication. Based on it, I suggest the video production workflow, and evaluate it after having carried out. Anyone can make audio-visual contents for science communication in only one day without special knowledge and machines. Not only, they can express about their study clearly, but also they can acquire power of expression and the originality, communication skills, media literacy.

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The advancement of science and technology has brought not only positive but also negative influences. As a result, people are finding it important to examine the potential consequences of science and technology and their effects on society. In this paper, we describe a public dialogue to examine the relationship between autism (Autism Spectrum Disorders) and society, with detailed methodology for conducting it. Autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder; approximately one in 100 people have autism. The study of autism is one of the most active fields of research. The approximately 30 participants in the dialogue included various citizens, for example, entrepreneurs, autistic people, parents of young children with/without autism, educators, artists, and students. After being provided with sufficient information on autism, participants were divided into 5 groups to discuss the topic and offer proposals. Finally, 5 proposals for an autism-friendly society were announced; these can be viewed in English at http://ristex-kanazawa.w3.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/syoppu/Consensus.htm. In each proposal, the importance of collaborating with a variety of sectors such as citizens, medical institutions, schools, and other professionals was mentioned. We hope that these proposals will be a foundation for future discussions on the relationship between autism and society.

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Purpose of the paper is to elucidate various factors which lead to settlement of arguments among scientists in the context of regulatory science (safety assessment) using a case of a transgenic crop showing drought tolerance. The transgenic crop was regarded as a new type of GMO and posing scientific uncertainty. Novel assessment techniques (Omics) were proposed to use to assess the safety of the crop. While seemed promising at first, after discussing various aspects of the method, the GM Food Safety committee finally decided not to adopt the technique at that time. Minutes of the meeting of the Committee and interviews to related scientists were analyzed to understand the process to reach the conclusion. It is observed that the discussion among scientists has reached consensus through taking into account various kinds of knowledge, not only purely scientific but also institutional one, such as chronological consistency. Under the context of regulatory science, this latter type of knowledge (institutional knowledge) are accumulated within the committee and applied to the issue which constitutes a crucial factor to bring closure of the discussion. Science communication would need to take a harder look at this fairly neglected area, and foster the public to understand this aspect of science in action.

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Though the importance of bidirectionality in science communication becomes recognized gradually, it is still difficult to understand what the "bidirectionality" means accurately. This article conducts a micro-analysis of scientists' behaviors using video data recorded in a science café with reference to a concept of "participation status," which is one of the most important analytic tools for multiparty interaction, and consider a nature of "bidirectional" communication in the situation of science communication.

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Based on the technological progress of science, new medical developments have contributed to improve the QOL of ventilator-dependent people. By providing medical care, however, their family-caregivers are endangered to suffer burn-out syndrome. The enrichment of respite care facilities and medical/nursing services for the family is needed. Under the condition of the Medical Act, which restricts certain medical procedures by people except doctors, the Social Workers and Welfare Carers Act has been modified so that their range of care can improve the lack of home care services. Welfare carers are able to perform several medical procedures, e.g. suctioning and tube feeding. Recently, a part of medical care has been provided by teachers at special need schools under nurses' supervision, which implies rapid diffusion of medical care in school settings as well as in the community. This research aims to describe the impact of diffusion of medical technology in the community, using Rogers' diffusion model and Moore's chasm theory. Concentrate model and spread model of technology were found. Mutual communication with science technology communicators' mediation seemed to be a key to solve the information gap between professionals and lay persons.

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A black box is defined as a theoretical device with concealed inner mechanisms, where output can be obtained simply through input. While lay people utilize the black box when they confront given scientific knowledge, experts have a more complex grasp of it; their knowledge is a clear box. This paper examines how the black box is used in the learning process of people who fall between specialists and the general public by analyzing several textbooks for science students. We categorized the practiced methods into three models and expanded the science communication by envisaging concrete examples. The first model is a constructing-type; initially the author describes the inner mechanism, and then summarizes it as a black box. Second is a disclosure-type; he/she begins by introducing the knowledge as a black box and then gives a minute explanation of it. Third is an analogy-type; the author refers to existing knowledge and compares it to further knowledge without specific details. We suggest studying science communication from the viewpoint of these models.

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Definition and systematization of the concept of evaluation were tried from the viewpoint of targets of evaluation, timings of 'snapshot', evaluators, decision makers, purposes, ways of intervention, and evaluation indexes. Some practices of science communication were introduced, which evaluations were analyzed along the systematization method above. A plan to generate plural evaluation for various practices of science communication by using collective intelligence was proposed.

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This article shows that communication in the free zone of the Science Cafe is improved if visitors are able to experience the actual research object, an abstract entity referred to as knowledge. This Science Cafe was designed to promote the use of "slime mold" in a petri dish as a communication tool. By using a survey analysis, we showed that there was a correlation between the visitors' behavior toward the petri dish and satisfaction from the cafe. Further, by using statistical methods including text mining, we analyzed the correlation among visitors' prior knowledge, the changes they experienced, and so on. Through their steps, we could demonstrate the novel method to minutely design and evaluate Science Cafe. Accordingly, it was clear that real experience is very effective in scientific communication, and we suggest an original methodology covering scientific communication.

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Questions raised by lay persons in relation with the Universe were investigated to clarify what they want to know and which aspects of the questions tend to embarrass experts trying to answer them. The seventy percent of questions are about the whole Universe or celestial bodies. In terms of the whole Universe, the beginning, the end, the edge, and the difference from everyday space are the frequently asked. Throughout the raised questions, the mechanisms, origins, and futures are featured rather than definitions or status. Experts are confused when they find questions unexpected or hard to answer. The unexpected questions are based on everyday experiences or misunderstandings, and the questioners point out contradictions among the information through logical extrapolation. The hard questions are with less considerations on whether they are answerable by science. Some of them are neglecting how science is done or what does science target for, while the others are scientific but difficult to answer with the current status of science. The results imply that embarrassing questions from lay persons are the important opportunities to deepen the two-way science communication.

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Science communication now needs extending its activities to engage more various actors in intermediary organization linking science and society. Through a comparative analysis of 4 intermediaries in the UK, including the British Science Association (BA), Sciencewise-ERC, the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA), and the Research Information Network (RIN), this article first illustrates the variety of linking in these intermediaries as a motto like "from science to society / from society to science", "dialogue between science and society for policy", "science for society", and "science community as society". It then draws some lessons for the institutionalization and management of the corresponding organizations in Japan. Important might be the demonstration of the relevance of such organizations by collaborating external partners, promoting internal members' private activities and engaging them with formative evaluation.

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From doing access analysis, the effect of the CoSTEP's information dispatch about Akira Suzuki （Emeritus Professor at Hokkaido University）, one of the winners of the Nobel Prize in chemistry 2010, was examined. At the result, although such a high impact topic generally falls in interest rapidly after goes up, I demonstrated that the information dispatch strategy of CoSTEP had the effect for re-raising the interest to the Nobel Prize topic. In this paper, I analyzed why the strategy for re-raising the public interest succeeded. In addition, the tendency of the access log when the interest was re-raised and the browsing behavior of viewers were analyzed. I considered about the essences in case the topical news is dispatched in the context of science communication.

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Studies for iPS (induced Pluripotent Stem) cells are so important field for both basic science and regenerative medicine that they have attracted a great deal of attention and expectation from scientists, media and public. We revealed that unlike scientists, media and public had not paid attention to mouse iPS cell, the first achievement of the research, however, they were enthusiastic about human iPS cell. Our results suggest that the area of interest about iPS cells differed among scientists, media and public.

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シンポジウムのテーマ「科学技術コミュニケーションにとって, 電子書籍はどのような可能性をもつのか」に対し, 「電子書籍制作は, 対話のツールとして大きな可能性を持つのではないか」という提案をする．なお「電子書籍」の範囲（何を「電子書籍」に含めるか）は, できるだけ広くとっておく．「電子書籍の可能性を考える」には, そのほうが稔り多いと思うからである．

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本稿は「どう活かす，電子書籍～ウェブメディアで拓く科学技術コミュニケーション～」というテーマを，一介の科学技術コミュニケーターの視点から考え，電子書籍の抱える課題および可能性について検討した．

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This article proposes a Half-shift model to simultaneously achieve the mutually reinforcing goals of creative work and social contribution. Science communicators are closely examined as one of the possible conduits to implement this model. Intensifying global competition requires work places and social settings to be more efficient and less flexible, making it difficult for professionals to gain satisfaction from being creative and contributing to society through their paid work. After a closer examination, the author proposes a Half-shift model as a new way to achieve a more balanced work environment. The Half-shift model looks at combining paid work and unpaid work in conterminous areas. The research shows that the keys for promoting this model are changes in work rules and professionals' personal motivation for work. It is hoped that this article provides a conceptual framework for the development of a Half-shift model, and contributes to its implementation.

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University spin-offs are concerned with various stakeholders when they transfer the results of universities’ basic research into practical applications. But university spin-offs inventors’ consciousness or communication has not been studied so far. In this study, questionnaires were sent to university spin-offs’ inventors. The results from 82 inventors showed how much 9 types of stakeholders contribute to “Gaining connection between manufacturers” and “sales” for university spin-offs. First, technical experts are rated highly than salespersons as inside people of university spin-offs. The reason seems to be that inventors communicate with technical experts of university spin-offs and manufacturers which are customers by special technology communication. Next, university coordinators are rated highly than financing persons as outside people of university spin-offs. It is likely that inventors communicate with university coordinators by technology comprehension well and they do not do with financing persons by it. Inventors and financing persons had better stop to adhere their own thought as specialists and communicate by technology comprehension.

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By analyzing a TV program on the vulnerability of the Y chromosome and the possible extinct of human beings, it is shown that the program took a scientific evidence （the vulnerability of the Y chromosome） and put it in a context different from the original and academic one. The extinct of humans is not a subject of the normal science and is a type of trans-science question. Among many entertainment tools, this type of deconstruction is useful to make the program quickly understandable for non-experts. It is quite possible that the deconstruction reveals the context owned by the society. This can be unavoidable and the academy should not have right nor obligation to stop it. On the other hand, the scientists should be aware of the deconstruction mechanism of the media and the society and try to coexist with it as a different culture.

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What do people know about the state-of-the-art neuroscience research and developments promoted by it? Recently it is empathized that to be educated consumers, people need to acquire neuroscience literacy (NL). What is the NL? This study investigated its components and constructed its scale. In a preliminary study, we created the NL inventory, and 274 subjects (35 working people and 239 university students) completed the NL questionnaire. An exploratory factorial analysis was conducted, and after that the questionnaire was revised for the next studies. In the first study, 240 university students completed the questionnaire. Exploratory factorial analyses extracted four factors which could be called (1) "denial of naïve knowledge," (2) "perspective on neuroscience," (3) "allowance of neuroscience research," and (4) "allowance of practical applications of neuroscience research." In the second study, we used the NL inventory and examined the effect of the NL education on 210 subjects (113 subjects had the NL education). After the NL education, the scores of (1), (2), and (3) increased, but that of (4) decreased. These results suggest that the NL education promotes neuroscientific knowledge, the allowance of neuroscience research, and attentiveness to allowing practical applications of neuroscience research.

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Recently, some scientific disciplines have been politically promoted in many countries, because governments believe that they can produce economically profitable knowledge, and that neuroscience belongs to these disciplines. They are aptly characterized by Jerome Ravetz's notion of "post-normal science." It is expected that some knowledge produced by neuroscience may, when applied to the real world, influence social systems and, ultimately, our views on what it is to be human beings, even though it is difficult for us to foresee its concrete impacts. To minimize its unexpected negative effects, even non-specialists need to have neuroscience literacy, which includes not only a basic theoretical knowledge of neuroscience, but also knowledge on its social significance and possible impacts on our self-understanding as human beings. We compiled a textbook of neuroscience literacy, and used it in liberal arts education. In this article, we document our project of education on neuroscience literacy in liberal arts, and discuss its social and epistemological meaning.

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Not only technology which natural science offers, but also one which social science offers can be an object of participatory technology assessment (pTA). In this paper, "World Wide Views on Global warming (WWViews)" which is the globe-encompassing democratic deliberation was assessed by citizen participants. The participants of WWViews are little interested in global warming. Therefore, their assessment is useful to develop a participatory method which can involve wider range of public. This paper is based on questionnaire survey and free description which addressed adequacy of information provision and supports for discussion, satisfaction of the WWViews and motivation to participate in other technology assessment. As a result of questionnaire, majority of participants showed a high level of satisfaction with them. Their free descriptions are grouped into five lessons. 1. Avoid the bias. 2. Give consideration to group dynamics. 3. Reduce the anxiety of making remarks. 4. Make the connection between pTA and real life. 5. Focus on satisfaction of participants.

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This paper discusses the issues about facilitation of public participation meetings, taking World Wide Views on Global Warming (WWViews) as an example. Held in 38 countries around the world on the same day in September 2009, WWViews was an unprecedented challenge of science communication. In each country, 100 ordinary citizens were invited and divided into small groups to deliberate on difficult questions about global climate change in an internationally uniformed method. After the event, we conducted inquiry surveys aimed at both the participants and facilitators who joined in the Japanese meeting of WWViews in order to examine how effectively the participating citizens were facilitated in the deliberation process. The overall evaluation by the participants was high, especially with a high satisfaction level of group facilitation and meeting procedure. However, some participants had difficulty in feeling something familiar to the discussion topics relevant to current international negotiation, such as short-term reduction targets of green house gases and the frameworks of assistance to developing countries. The facilitators also reported in the post-event survey that they found it difficult to bridge the gap between the interests of participants and the agenda, mainly because of the uniformed rule to strictly require the facilitators of neutrality and prohibit them from giving additional information to the participants. Impartialness of facilitators is an essential requirement for deliberative exercises, but applying too strict rules would work negatively. Instead of confining the facilitators to a narrow role of "neutral chairpersons," it is necessary to regard facilitators as "experts of mediation" and let them actively serve as interpreters between the everyday life of participating citizens and the world of international negotiations.

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World Wide Views on Global Warming has been developed to establish a model for the future inclusion of the worlds' citizens in global policy making. It has been designed with the purpose of making it possible for potentially all nations on Earth to take part. World Wide Views on Global warming involved roughly 4,000 citizens in 38 countries in deliberations about the issues on climate change. They received the same information about climate change and were asked to give their views. The participating citizens voted on 12 multiple-choice questions and produced a large number of recommendations phrased in their own wordings. They did so on daylong meetings on September 26, 2009. Empirical observations related to effectiveness of this attempt were summarized together with discussions concerning the applicability and limitations of the proposed global-scale participatory technology assessment.

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This paper explores deliberative methods for the general public and experts to have meaningful dialogue and evaluate future technologies at the early stage of their scientific and technological development (upstream engagement). For this purpose, we planned and conducted an experimental dialogue event on the theme of applications of nanotechnologies in food. The event, named NanoTRI, consisted of three types of deliberative methods: consensus conference, group interview, and science cafe. Through this experiment we found that, by utilizing consensus conference and other deliberative methods, it is possible to incorporate various aspects of public values in decision making on nanotechnologies. We also found that a session without experts, group interviewing, is quite useful for seeking frank opinions of the participants while the other two methods are more suitable for provision of information or formation of definite opinions.

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Recently there has been growing emphasis on "upstream public engagement" in emerging technologies such as nanotechnologies, against the background of bitter experiences of miscommunication on genetically modified food and crops (GMOs). This paper explores the efficacy of consensus conference for engaging the public in early stages of scientific or technological development. The paper presents the results of a three-day consensus conference which we call NanoTRI, concerning nanotechnologies in food. Previously, consensus conference is considered as a method for engaging the public in the downstream of scientific and technological innovations, often times when given science or technologies are viewed controversial in public fora. We argue that with an extra structure and strategies in place such as provision of clearly-defined subject of discussion, a methodological framework that the consensus conference suggests would work for upstream engagement for future technologies.

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In modern times, there is a growing need for scientists' active participation in science communication. However, scientists' current attitudes toward science communication are unclear, despite the fact that scientists are one of the main actors of science communication. In order to consider the effective participation of scientists in science communication, a survey on scientists' attitude is necessary. To this end, an Internet-based questionnaire survey to researchers in life science fields was conducted in 2008, and 1255 respondents were obtained. The results show the attitudes concerning 1) motivation, 2) hurdle for participating in communication, and 3) way of promoting communication, between strongly active scientists and less strongly active scientists. From the result, we considered the issues of science communication in two aspects: infrastructure and variety of awareness. These are important factors for promoting science communication: infrastructure which makes opportunities for communication constantly without the need for a lot of preparation by scientists, and new communication tools and designs especially of scientists who have less positive view of science communication.

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A content analysis was made of newspaper articles in Japanese general newspapers and in English ones published in the US, on the same scientific research, to verify the difference between them. Three Japanese articles and three in the US were compared to show that Japanese articles are relatively short and are much the same in terms of the contents involved. Articles in the US, in contrast, do not resemble one another and elaborate on far more various stories such as the effort of the scientists involved and the history of the research field. Japanese newspapers have an inclination to focus on the minimum necessary information. These results suggest that, though Japanese newspapers have some advantages in their own ways, there should be some room for consideration to improve their quality to meet the demand of readers who are not necessarily satisfied with Japanese scientific articles as they are.

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Posters are popular multimedia presentations to provide information. We made a poster to introduce genome science, a Human Genome Map for Every Home, and discussed the prospects of posters as science communication tools. Posters could be used as science communication tool in that 1) they can depict the whole image in their large space, 2) it is easy to give and take them, 3) they have ripple effect, 4) they serve as tools for promoting communication through the knowledgeable persons or teaching programs.

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東京大学大学院理学系研究科は，平成17年度から，大学院生の社会的視点を養うための科学コミュニケーション教育を試験的に導入してきた．平成19年度までの継続的な取り組みを行い，平成20年度からは研究科共通の通常講義として開講している．本研究科では大学院生，研究者が置かれている現状に即した「理系研究者のための科学コミュニケーション教育」を行っている．これは理系研究者，あるいは理系の専門知をもって社会へ出ていく学生の素養として位置づけた講義であり，なるべく多くの学生が大きな負担なく受講することを目的としている．ここでは本研究科の科学コミュニケーション教育活動の取り組みを報告する．

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Scientific information in the media has become increasingly important in the relationship between life science and society. Though it is often said that there are some gaps between life science researchers and the media, life science researchers' attitudes towards the way media handles life science information were unclear in Japan. In this study, we examined Japanese life science researchers' attitudes towards life science information in the media. Using a semi-structured interview format, we interviewed 64 Japanese front-line life science researchers. Main topics were as follows: (1) role for life science researchers in the information transmission to society, (2) quality of life science information in the media, (3) interactions with the media. Our results have suggested that from the Japanese life science researchers' points of view, there were some thorny issues in the relationship between life science researchers and the media.

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This research revealed that citizen participation on food safety would visualize the problems in food safety policy and would contribute to the determination of the direction of the policy. Biases in the developing technologies, due to decision by a restricted number of people such as experts, could possibly be corrected by the participation of various citizens. Thorough their participation in conferences, citizens deepen their opinion, exert a role as a more constructive partner in food safety, and also express tolerance and understanding of other participants' opinions. This indicates educational aspect of citizen participation.

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Dialogues with community constituents are indispensable for scientists whose research fields and applications are closely related with communities throughout the research processes of consensus building on executions of research projects, making decisions on research policies, sharing the products of the projects, corrections. What kind of guidance is required for scientists to maintain a dialogue with the society? Using mailing list and web portfolio, we recorded a process of planning and executing a science cafe with two researchers who research for reintroduction of Crested Ibis (Toki) into Sado Island. Additionally, to understand the reality of the research, we observed the field research by the scientists in Sado Island. This record and analysis about difficulty and the solution of the science cafe serves scientists as a effectively guidance.

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Science Agora is one of the largest domestic science communication events, and it was originally designed to contribute to the entire science communication activities in Japan. From the viewpoint of the organizers of the event, we examined the last three annual events. Science Agora started in 2006, participants are increasing year after year, and various groups and organizations make presentations every year. Science Agora owes its prosperous development to the progress of science communication activities themselves in Japan, and meanwhile, consecutive holdings of the events contribute to the activities all over Japan. Science Agora should play a more important role as a commodity fair for science communication, by facilitating the interactions between various groups and organizations involving science communication.

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User Science Institute （USI） has set up the science café named “vari-café” in 2006. The key member of vari-café consists of USI researchers and staffs who have been in various specialized field; psychology, design, engineering and education etc. The purpose of “vari-café” is to make an interactive place where both researchers and the general public can communicate each other. Ten vari-cafés were held from September 2006 to November 2007 with a keyword of“ Food.” At “vari-café”, users’ needs and voices were colleted through “Question time” and questionnaires. USI aims to apply real voices from the user side into research. Some of the “vari-café” themes are “red pepper which is not hot”, “taste sensor”, “ARIAKE Sea”, “junior science café” and “introduction of British science café”, etc. In order to discover different needs from users, we made different contents and programs targeting specific audiences such as mothers, girls' high school students, and the general publics. Over 300 participants experienced the vari-cafes. In this paper, we introduce the activity and feature of “vari-café”.

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To examine the psychological effects of visual production techniques, the study compares viewer’s perceptions of images with fixed camera movement and with shot movements. Twentyfive subjects viewed the four film clips: visual images of geometric figures and nature with fixed cameras and same images with shot movement of zoom in. They tested eight impression factors: fancy-plain, good-bad, beautiful-ugly, impactful-ordinary, simple-difficult, basic-complicated, likedislike, and active-lazy. The two-way ANOVA analysis (two scenes × two types of filming technique) showed that shot movements (zoom in) had effect on viewer’s perception.

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We tried to fill the communication gap between experts and ordinary citizens regarding the method of preventing a tsunami disaster by organizing two events. The events involved discussions between a tsunami researcher and the inhabitants of two places of the Pacific coast of East Hokkaido where the damage that could be caused by a possible future tsunami was estimated. Contents in the event were deliberately designed to be useful for interactive communications. As a result of the evaluation by the participant questionnaire following the events, a interactive communication between the tsunami researcher and the inhabitants was arranged, and we were able to provide the inhabitants with information that they wished to know about the prevention of tsunami disaster.

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The DIPEx webpage created by researchers at Oxford University contains over 1,500 narratives of users of health services in the UK, which are presented in the form of text, audio and video files. Although the webpage gives only fragments of the original narratives given during the interview, it has become a quite powerful and highly-evaluated information tool for patients’ decision-making. Authors argue that segmented patient narratives can be useful in assisting patients to cope with the uncertainty in medicine and health care. Authors also report on the development of the Japanese version of DIPEx modules on breast cancer and prostate cancer.

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Not a few scientists did write their scientific papers inr omaji (or Roman script) or advocated to write Japanese in romaji in the period between 1880s and 1940s. Other people than scientists, such as Japanese linguists, educators, politicians and businessmen, were indeed among proponents of writing in romaji. And those people working in different sectors in society united to carry out campaigns to promulgate among the public the use of romaji in writing Japanese sentences. The campaigns have been designated Romanization Movement. Why, then, did scientists get involved in the movement? Did they have any interest specific to scientists in writing in romaji? Did they present any distinctive causes as scientists in the movement? The paper aims to answer these questions in taking into account the following circumstances that Japanese scientists had to meet after Meiji Restoration in 1868. Scientists generally communicate their achievements not only to the members of scientific community but also to the general public in cooperation with educators, science journalists, and others. However, when Japanese scholars started scientific research in 1870s, all members of scientific communities around the world, except those of fledgling societies in Japan, did not understand Japanese, while the general public who were to absorb scientific ideas only knew Japanese language and could use kanji (or Chinese character), and kana (or phonetic syllabic script consisting of two separate forms of katakana and hiragana), though they were troubled with kanji's complexity and inconvenience. The analysis that follows explicates what happened with regard to language, terms, and script used in scientific communications between scientists, and scientists and the public in a country where native language was not English or other Western language commonly used in scientific world. The paper also discusses what the history of the Romanization Movement implies for science communication in these days in Japan.

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The definition of science and technology literacy is constantly changing reflecting the relation between science and society. The more recent one is not only for a person to understand science and its methodology, but also to be able to make a comprehensive judgment on the influences of science and technology on the society and to reflect the judgment on one's activities. In this paper, the author will first make a general survey of the views on science and technology literacy based on earlier domestic as well as foreign studies. Next, the author will make a survey of the questionnaires used as means to judge the "literacy," to know how and what they measured. The author then describes a new questionnaire developed as a part of this study designed to evaluate the literacy in connection with the social recognition, and the result of the survey conducted using the questionnaire, reporting its finding that it is necessary to propose a separate educational program for each cluster of people with different tendency.

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This paper describes startup training for newcomers of our laboratory which was carried out in 2007. The students in 4th grade are assigned to each laboratory and start their bachelor thesis from April. However, the research for bachelor thesis is quite different from the learning experienced until 3rd grade. To fill the gap, we carried out special startup training for newcomers of our laboratory. Through the training, the fundamental skill of newcomers such as abilities of gathering, analyzing, and classifying information, presentation, and discussion were improved remarkably.

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An attempt of intensive dialogue between nuclear experts with conflicting opinions has been conducted with the aim of developing an effective scheme of communication about the highly controversial nuclear issue. This attempt, named "Open Forum on Nuclear Issues", is basically an experimental dialogue session carried out with the proposed scheme with several design guidelines and operational rules. In this scheme, two experts with conflicting opinions were asked to have the dialogue session about the social acceptance of underground repository of radioactive waste. Prior to the dialogue session, the experts had been asked to prepare answers to key questions derived from comments provided by registered participants several weeks before the dialogue session. After answering the key questions and mutual discussions, the session was opened to the participants also. Empirical observations related to effectiveness of the present attempt were summarized together with discussions concerning the applicability and limitations of the　proposed scheme of dialogue.

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A poster exhibition and a workshop about Science Cafe were held in Science Agora 2007. These events provided the Cafe organizers with opportunities to interact with one another and to exchange information about Science Cafe they organize. They also served as opportunities to discuss current situation of Science Cafe. In the workshop, one of the important topics was the meaning of“ interactive communication.” This report showed how Science Cafe in Japan could be improved by examining opinions of the participants of the workshop. Through the two events, it was clear that the Cafe organizers needed the opportunity to meet with one another and to discuss Science Cafe because they hold Science Cafe through a trial and error process. It was suggested that the important elements for“ facilitators” contained“ the number of participants,”“ space for speaking,” and“ equal viewing” to have effective interactive communication in Science Cafe. Science Cafe is a new tool for science communication activity, and it has a potential to become a good place where a new relationship between science and society can be established.

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インタビュー

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An overview of an astronomical observatory system through the internet was showed. People had to go to an astronomical observatory until now. However people can enjoy the image of celestial body using this system. An internet TV-communication software called “Skype" was employed with this system. As it is free, what we need are a computer with internet, a camera and an NTSC-USB converter. On the 24th April in 2007, I connected this system between the observatory at Furano and the computer at Hokkaido University. Almost 100 people joined this event. The answer of a questionnaire to them showed that 68% of the people had no chance to go to an astronomical observatory before. I suppose that this kind of system will increase the chance to see the astronomical observatory in the near future.

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An overview of science festivals for youngsters is shown in this paper. The primary objective of such festivals was one of a countermeasure against the aversion to science of children and their parents.Many science teachers and scientists participated in these festivals and demonstrated familiar and enjoyable experiments for several thousand youngsters.This campaign of enlightenment through science has been well received by many people in Hokkaido prefecture.The reasons of this success have been the passion of science teachers and collaboration with the media.Enjoying science was an initial objective.However what should be the final goal of holding these festivals? The total time for science education in elementary school and high school has been decreased in these past 20 years. In view of this situation,it is suggested that such science festivals should complement school education and teaches also should attract students to science classes through these festivals.

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ESOF(Euroscience Open Forum)is the open forum organized by Euroscience, a pan-European association of individuals interested in constructing scientific Europe? “from the bottom-up", which held every two years? “Provide an open forum for debate on science and technology" is one of the main purposes of ESOF, which the organization was designed to play a role as AAAS(American Association of Advancement of Science) annual meeting as in United States.I,among several participants from Japan, attended the second forum,“ESOF2006"in Munich,July 2006.In this report,I describe the outline of the ESOF2006 meeting comparing with AAAS annual meeting and “Science Agora" in Japan. ESOF is on the way of development to be a greater meeting which represents whole European science and the relationships between science and society.For their successful development,there may be a need to acquire the more attention from general researchers by accomplishments of their serious demands.These situations are quite similar as “Science Agora"in Japan.

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Mutual relationship among education, practice,and modeling is important to develop science and technology communication. The web project at CoSTEP is introduced as an case study of activities designed to realize the relationship. Students created web contents to interest ordinary people in science and technology,and were trained to obtain knowledge and skill for the creation Besides,they published a ‘cookbook' of the web contents where their experience was described. It is useful not only to propagate the same kind of practice in the society,but also for students to reconstruct their study and practice.

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Podcasting is the media which has been increasing its influence in the Internet. We examined the usefulness of podcasting with regard to science communicator education and science communication activity as a part of media training at CoSTEP (Communicators in Science Technology Education Program) at Hokkaido University. It is useful for a science communicator to create a podcast. Further,podcasting is a highly useful tool for science communication activities because it can facilitate the broadcast of science and technology information that conventional mass media cannot realize. We believe that podcasting can facilitate better group communication because it allows anyone to become an information sender.

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This paper summarizes the empirical observations obtained through an attempt named Dialogue Forum, which is essentially a series of repetitive and intensive dialogue sessions between nuclear experts and local citizens. The citizens are mostly residents of municipalities adjacent to nuclear facilities. The main observations indicated that contents of the discussions were undergoing an evolutionary process along with gradual increase of mutual trust between citizens and the experts. The empirical observations are elaborated as design guidelines for improving mutual trust between science and technology experts and citizens.

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Consensus Conference is a type of meeting that makes it possible to include ordinar y people and their experiences in technology assessment. It gives people the opportunity to assess a given technological development and make up their minds about its possibilities and consequences. A citizen's panel, representative of ordinary people with divergent background, has a discussion after having taken information from experts about the technology. Having deepened discussion each other, a citizen's panel completes a final document which contains a clarification and a position of issue. To promote discussion smoothly, a facilitator and staff members of a conference office have to work out the design of conference in detail. The author of this report took part in the Consensus Conference on Genetically Modified Organism held in Hokkaido as a staff member. This is a report that summarized what the staff members of consensus conference can prepare to make citizen's panel feel comfortable and to promote discussion smoothly. The points that should be considered are as follows: ice breaking, communication size, design of a meeting place, open/closed choice of meeting, support of making sentences, and break time.

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This article discusses the challenges faced by the participatory technology assessment (pTA) in Japan, which is now reaching the practical stage after a decade of introduction, trial and experiment. From November 2006 to February 2007, the prefectural government of Hokkaido held a consensus conference on whether the government should promote or regulate the cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops in the region (GM Consensus Conference). Within the nation, the Conference was the first pTA event in practical use that has a close linkage to actual policy-making. Through the preliminary case study on GM Consensus Conference, the author found that the method of consensus conference functioned effectively in the real-world settings, especially in eliciting the points of controversy on the introduction of GM crops in Hokkaido. The case also suggested that pTA would be connected loosely to the formal policy decision processes through deliberative councils (shingikai), and that we should consider pTA as a tool for the general public to express their views on technology and seek to finance those parties (NGO/NPOs, universities, mass media, etc.) who are trying to organize pTA events in cooperation with the government or local authorities.

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As symbolized by the word 'Web2.0', today's progress and popularization in internet technology realized growth of novel communication media for citizens, which resulted in explosive increase of information flow generated by individuals. The trend is also quite essential for science and technology communication. We should not only 'comment' on it from outside but also 'do' science and technology communication using internet by ourselves, and consider the future of communication in our society.

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This paper shows how CoSTEP, Communicators in Science and Technology Education Program, Hokkaido University, has made the effective use of e-learning system in giving lectures on science communication. It also suggests that some problems should be resolved to enhance the further use of online teaching in science communication education.

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"Science Shop" is defined as a system which provides independent, participatory research support in response to concerns experienced by civil society. In the Netherlands, science shops have been operated in almost every university since 1970s. The same types of science shops have been conducted in some other countries such as United Kingdom, Germany and Denmark since 1980s. The European Commission is now supporting to disseminate this concept to other European countries, especially to Eastern Europe. In this paper, we will discuss the possibility of the transferring the effectiveness of science shops to the Japanese society. For this purpose, we will review the character, the history and the actual process of science shops. The necessity of "the participatory research" such as science shops are gradually increasing in various parts of the world. Additionally, some cases in third world countries shall clarify the importance of learning from their experience.

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If skill in science and engineering communication is to become an integral part of Japanese society, it will be necessary for universities and other institutions to have a reliable programme that can educate the people responsible for making this skill a reality. What is of critical importance in science communication is the ability to design a space for dialogue, as well as the consciousness with regards to communication that exists as a precondition to that dialogue. Here, as a method for cultivating that consciousness, a graduate school programme will be introduced for adopting internships that place students at institutions that work on issues of science policy and media coverage. Moreover, this programme will be one that freely elicits the suggestions of its participants and is in a continual process of being redesigned and refined based on those suggestions.

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“Science Agora 2006” the first integrated event for science communications in Japan was held on 25-27th November 2006. In the event, 86 associations or groups held their own session, 104 sessions and posters were shown, and more than 1500 people participated. The event was aimed for“ infrastructure development” for the advancements of science communications in Japan. Three purposes of“ agoras” were designed; the dialogues between society and science, that between the various science sectors, and that amongst science communicators. In this report, I describe how these purposes were reflected to the process of program planning and how these were realized or not. The network amongst science communicators in Japan were reinforced by the event, and some trials for the corporation between various science sectors were started by the event. Also some outreach events for general public made a good success in Science Agora 2006. Each success was independently accomplished, but Science Agora has the potential to be the place for the active interaction between the different purposes. In future, the multiple network, from government, researchers to general public, should be constructed based on Science Agora, and it will contribute to the sustainable development of science in society.

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A society for the study of engineering ethics, which is also called 'The ET Society', is part of the Chubu Branch of the Institution of Professional Engineers, Japan (IPEJ). The development of our ET Society in communication can be divided into two stages. At the first stage, we had internal communication between engineers. At the second stage, we had interactive communication between engineers and the public through 'Technology Cafe'. With this experience, the paper discusses the effectiveness and possibilities of engineers' interactive technology communication.

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皮下注射前の皮膚消毒は，複数の先行研究により必要ないことが検証されているが，日本では標準的な手順として浸透している。そこで，本研究では，日本でなぜ皮下注射前の皮膚消毒が実施されているのかその背景を検討するために，看護技術書における皮下注射前の皮膚消毒に関する記載の実態について明らかにすることを目的とした。インターネットで看護技術に関する書籍検索を実施し，内容を精査した結果，選定基準に合致した書籍は28冊であった。これらの書籍では，皮下注射前の皮膚消毒は必要であると記載されていたが，そのうち３冊は，皮下注射前の皮膚消毒の必要性がないことを検証した先行研究についても紹介していた。消毒が必要との根拠となる論文の引用はどの書籍にもなかった。日本での皮膚消毒の実施率が非常に高い背景の一つとして，多くの技術書において，消毒の必要性の有無に関する根拠の記載が十分ではないことがあると考えられた。

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Although several studies have shown that disinfecting the skin before administering a subcutaneous injection is not necessary, it is a required procedure in Japan. This study aimed to clarify the background of skin disinfection before subcutaneous injection in Japan to examine the background of this situation. Through an Internet search of books and careful reading, 28 books were identified on this topi c. A thorough reading of these texts showed that, prior to the administration of a subcutaneous injection, established practice is to disinfect the skin. However, three of them introduced studies that verified that doing so is unnecessary. No citation was given in any book to support the need for disinfection. One of the reasons for the high skin disinfection rate is that many nursing skills and techniques books lack sufficient description of the evidence for the unnecessary disinfection in Japan.

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本研究の目的は，サージカルマスクの着用の有無による笑顔度の相違を異なる笑顔度において調査することであった。対象者はA大学の日本人看護学生75名であった。対象者は，同一人物の10種類の顔写真を見て，笑顔度を0%（笑顔なし）から100%（満面の笑み）で判定した。提示された10種類の写真は，笑顔測定器で0%，25%，50%，75%，100%と評価された顔写真，およびそれらをサージカルマスクと合成した顔写真であった。顔写真は，アトランダムに1枚につき10秒間提示した。結果として，笑顔度100%の顔写真を除きサージカルマスクの着用の有無で有意差を認めた。笑顔度が25%，50%，75%の場合，サージカルマスクの着用により，10～20%程度低い笑顔度で受け取られることが確認された。調査結果からサージカルマスク着用時に笑顔による肯定的フィードバックをする場合には，笑顔度を高めるか，他のコミュニケーション・チャンネルで補う必要が示唆された。

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This study investigated the difference in smile levels depending on whether or not a surgical mask was worn at different smile levels. Seventy-five Japanese nursing students from University A were the subjects of this survey. They examined ten types of face photos of the same person and judged their smiles from 0% (no smile) to 100% (full smile). The ten types of photos presented were facial photos rated 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by smile measurement equipment, and facial photos combined with a surgical mask. The presentation of the photos was random, and the presentation time for each photo was ten seconds. Consequently, there was a significant difference between wearing and not wearing a surgical mask, except for facial photos with a 100% smile. It was confirmed that, when the smile level was 25%, 50%, and 75%, it was received with a smile level 10-20% lower when wearing a surgical mask. The results suggested that, when positive feedback is given by smiling when wearing a surgical mask, it is necessary to increase the degree of smile or supplement with other communication channels.

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本研究は心疾患患者のQOLに影響する要因について明らかにすることを目的とした。札幌市内A病院に入院している心疾患患者59名を対象とした。退院時と退院後２週間を目安に無記名自記式質問紙を配布し、28部の有効回答を得た（回収率47.5％）。調査票及び診療録より、基本属性、疾患特性、退院時における心配事、セルフケア実施状況、QOLを調査した。分析は、単純集計後、QOLを従属変数としてMann-WhitneyのU検定を行った。対象集団は男性23名、女性５名、平均年齢67.9歳であった。QOLは、性別や年齢により差はなかった。またQOLとセルフケアには関連はみられなかった。しかし、同居者の有無でQOLの得点に有意差がみられた。また、退院時における心配事のうち【心臓疾患の再発・悪化】において心配事がある群がQOLの総得点、身体面、社会面の得点が有意に高かった。今後これらがQOLに関連を与えるメカニズムを明らかにしていくことが必要である。

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence factor to the QOL of the heart disease patients. We carried out anonymous self-reported questionnaire survey on 2 occasions, at the time of discharge and at the first outpatient appointment at approximately two weeks after discharge. In the first survey, we asked patients what kind of concerns about daily life after discharge and we also collected patient's background from medical record. In the second survey, we asked the self-care behaviors as well as QOL using "MacNew Heart Disease Health Related Quality of Life
Questionnaire". We obtained the following results and conclusions. QOL did not have any differences by sex and age. However, the patients who live alone have higher QOL than the patients who live with someone. QOL did not correlated to self-care behaviors. The patients who were worried about recurrence or aggravation of the heart problem in future at the time of discharge have higher QOL than those who were not. It is suggested that there is the need to clarify the mechanism that these factors will affect the QOL.

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The purpose review was to examine the evidence regarding awareness of cancer, its risk factors, signs and symptoms, hence also find the existing knowledge gap from the research done in eight Asian countries. Various aspects of cancer were searched using databases like Pubmed, Google Scholar. Ten papers were reviewed for theis study. This study shows that awareness about cance in many Asian countries like Saudi Arabia, India, Japan, Oman, Jordan is still at infancy and there are inadequate activities in these countries regarding cancer awareness promotion. Very few papers have addressed about cancer and their manifestations and focused on strong need of educational and informational programs to spread awareness among Asian people.

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本研究は外来でイリノテカンを受ける切除不能な進行または再発大腸がん患者の排便マネジメントの実態を明らかにすることを目的とし、効果的な看護支援を検討した。イリノテカンによる下痢を経験し、外来治療を継続している患者5名に半構成的面接法によるインタビューを行った。その結果、【排便状況を把握するまでの実態】、【下痢や便秘による苦痛と心配】、【下痢に対する日常生活の工夫と薬剤選択】、【副作用症状に関する情報把握の必要性】の４つのカテゴリーが抽出された。イリノテカンを開始して間もない時期には失禁などの不安を抱えていたが、治療を重ねる中で食生活の配慮や適切な薬剤使用、腹部の保温など日常生活上の工夫を獲得していた。以上より、外来では治療導入時に下痢の頻度や程度をアセスメントし、薬剤内服状況の確認、下痢や便秘への具体的なセルフマネジメントを紹介する必要があることが明らかとなった。

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目的：繰り返し化学療法を受ける肺がん患者の高額療養費制度などの公的制度利用に関する看護師の知識と認識の実態を明らかにする。方法：先駆的に肺がん治療をしている病院に勤務する看護師90名を対象に、質問紙調査を実施した。質問紙は、医療ソーシャルワーカー・事務部門に情報収集をした結果をもとに作成し、高額療養費制度に関する知識と看護師の認識に関する内容で構成した。結果：知識の認知度が最も高かったのは「医療ソーシャルワーカーの役割」「高額療養費制度」で、最も低かったのは「合算制度が年齢によって控除額が違うこと」「合算するときに自己負担限度額があること」などの高額療養費制度の詳細についてであった。その一方、看護師は、経済的負担について患者および家族へ確認し、援助につなげる必要性を認識していた。結論：看護師は、患者の経済的側面への援助の必要性は認識しているが、高額療養費制度の内容を十分理解しているとは言えない状況であることが明らかになった。

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本研究は、病床規模の異なる３病院において、洗浄度に影響すると予測される診療科と平均在院日数、患者および看護師の管理環境に焦点をあて、ＡＴＰ値を用い高頻度に接触する環境表面別洗浄度の実態を明らかにすることを目的とした。調査対象は、病床規模の違う３病院(500床以上：Ａ病院、100床以上500床未満：Ｂ病院、100床未満：Ｃ病院、各１病院）における８病棟内の高頻度接触表面とした。調査方法は、各病棟の高頻度接触表面のうち看護師管理環境３ケ所、患者管理環境６ケ所の計９ケ所からサンプルを採取し、各ＡＴＰ値を看護師管理環境群と患者管理環境群、診療科間で比較検討した。その結果、全測定場所における病院毎のＡＴＰ中央値は全て500ＲＵＬ未満であり、洗浄度は保たれていた。また、全ての病院で看護師管理環境が患者管理環境よりも有意にＡＴＰ値が低かった。さらに、Ｃ病院では看護師管理環境と患者管理環境の両方において、診療科間での差が見られた。よって、患者管理環境において、洗浄度を保つためには、清掃の質等、洗浄度に影響する要因を明らかにする必要性が示唆された。

抄録
本研究の目的は、精神科病棟において看護職員が行っている見守りの実態を明らかにすることであり、①見守りの実施状況、②見守り実施時の見守り意識の有無、③見守りの目的に対する意識の程度を調査した。調査対象はＡ市内Ｂ病院の５つの精神科病棟の看護職員であり、無記名自記式の質問紙調査を行った。調査期間は、2013年9月～10月であった。質問紙の配布数74、有効回答数68(有効回答率91.9％）であった。結果として、通常日勤の１日において約97％の対象者が見守りを実施しており、見守りは臨床でよく用いられている看護ケアといえた。また、分析対象者の9割以上が「安全確保」「その人の強みを生かす」「主体的な行動を尊重する」「その人らしさの尊重」を見守りと意識して行っていた。見守りの目的として最も意識していたのは「安全確保」であった。見守りの目的に対する意識では、性別や閉鎖病棟と開放病棟の間で、有意差を認めた。

抄録
北海道大学病院は，患者サービスの向上と入退院に関する業務の軽減を図ることを目的として，平成21年度から入退院センターの設置を検討した。平成22年５月に専門部会を設置し，平成23年10月に３診 療科，５病棟を対象として入退院業務を試行し，同年11月より全診療科を対象に本格稼働した。平成24年３月に，医師および看護師長に対するアンケート調査と実態調査を行い，改善点を検討した。平成24年度は，その改善点を基に事業計画を立案し業務拡大に取り組んでいる。入退院センター設置に向けた取り組みから設置後の運営管理と稼働評価の一連の過程において、本稿では，入退院センター設置後の運営管理と稼働後評価について述べる。

抄録
患者サービスの向上と入退院に関する業務の軽減を図ることを目的として，北海道大学病院では平成20年度から入退院センターの設置について検討を始めた。平成21年５月に入退院センター専門部会が設 置され，同センター設置に向け，現有の業務調査等を行った。その後，入退院に関する業務行程を作成 し組織体制を構築した。平成23年10月に３診療科，５病棟を対象として入退院業務を試行し，同年11月より全診療科を対象に本格稼働した。入退院センター設置に向けた取り組みから設置後の運営管理と稼 働評価の一連の過程において，本稿では，大学病院における入退院センター設置に向けての取り組みに ついて述べる。

抄録
看護師が行う食事時の見守りは，患者の自立に向け，観察やモニタリング機能を担う重要な行為であ る。看護師は，見守りする中でフィジカルアセスメントに基づき食事に関する直接的ケアを提供しているが，このような援助内容について具体的に検討した先行研究はない。そこで，本研究では嚥下障害の ある患者に対する食事時の見守りが，どのような看護技術内容で構成されているのかを明らかにするこ とを目的とした。Ａ病院の神経内科・外科病棟で収集したデータは10事例であった。その結果，以下の点が明らかになった。 １．嚥下障害のある患者の食事時の見守りは，視診，問診，聴診，およびコミュニケーション技術を用いて，安全性を確保しながら行われていた。 ２．看護師は，食事の見守りの際，視診によって多くの情報を得ているが，視診による見守りは，第三 者が確認しにくいことが明らかになった。 ３．見守りにおける視診等は，姿勢を整えるなどの直接的ケアと並行して実施されていた。

抄録
　遷延性意識障害患者の看護介入の目的と内容について文献調査を行った。看護基礎教育の教科書２件と医学中央雑誌Web Ver.5で検索した研究論文91件を対象とし，質的帰納的に分析した。結果：遷延性 意識障害患者への看護介入の目的は【生活援助】，【合併症予防】，【意識障害の回復】，【生活行動の回復】 の４つに大別された。その介入内容は，【生活援助】は［栄養方法の工夫］，［日常生活全般の援助］など７項目であった。【合併症予防】は，［口腔内状態の改善］，［褥瘡の予防・改善］など5項目であった。 【意識障害の回復】は，［意識レベル改善］，［身体刺激の生理的評価］であり，【生活行動の回復】は［筋・ 関節拘縮の改善］，［生活行動獲得］であった。論文数の推移から，遷延性意識障害患者の看護の目的は， 【生活援助】から【意識障害の回復】，【生活行動の回復】へ変化の過渡期にあり，その看護介入は開発途上であることが推察された。

抄録
見守りは，援助者が対象者に対し，必要な介助や支援ができるような体制を整えて，意図的にその行為や様子を観察することである。また，看護師は患者の自立に向けた健康回復への支援において見守りを行うことが多いが，意図的な見守りが患者や家族に認識されていない場合もある。そこで，本研究では自立に向けたケアの一場面である嚥下障害の患者に対する食事時の見守りに着目し，その実態を参加観察法で調査した。Ａ病院の神経内科・外科病棟で収集したデータは10場面であった。その結果，以下の点が明らかになった。 １．嚥下障害のある患者の食事時の看護師による見守りは，患者の状態に応じて，自立に向け，代償的な直接的ケアも合わせ行われていた。 ２．見守りは，患者の自立に向け，個別的アセスメントに基づき，その項目や時間が変化していた。 ３．「姿勢を整える」などの見守り時の看護師の直接的ケアは，姿勢の保持を観察することより他者に容易に理解可能な行為であった。

抄録
本研究は、キャリア試行期とキャリア確立期にある2人の中堅看護師が経験した病院内異動がどのような実態となっているかを明らかにすることを目的とした。試行期の看護師Ａと確立期の看護師Ｂに対し、半構成的質問調査を実施した。看護師Ａからは、「異動直後の新部署への批判的な気持ち」、｢看護の違いに戸惑いながらも深まる看護観」、「新部署における自分の立場の難しさと不十分な役割発揮の自覚」他7つのカテゴリーが抽出された。看護師Ｂからは、「環境と組織文化の違いに対する驚き」、「予想可能な将来像」、「新部署における自分の位置・役割の自覚」他5つのカテゴリーが抽出された。同じ病院内における異動でも、中堅看護師にとっては、職場の変化に対する違和感と驚きが大きいことが明らかになった。また、異動は、試行期の看護師Ａの看護観へ影響を与え、組織における自分の役割を考える機会となっていた一方で、確立期の看護師Ｂへはそのような影響はほとんどみられなかった。これらはキャリア発達段階の相違に依拠するものと考えられた。

抄録
ユーモアは、緊張を軽減し、ストレスを低下させることが報告されている。本研究では、勤務時間内に看護師が出会ったユーモアの内容を明らかにし、内科、外科、精神科病棟における各専門領域病棟の特徴を比較検討することを目的とした。各専門領域病棟（内科、外科、精神科）の看護師を対象に質問紙調査を行った結果、看護師のユーモアは、遊戯的ユーモアと支援的ユーモアの割合が高く、攻撃的ユーモアの割合が低かった。外科病棟では、多忙な業務の中で支援的ユーモアや遊戯的ユーモアを用いて、自己やスタッフの緊張やストレスを緩和させていた。精神科病棟では特に支援的ユーモアの割合が高く、患者への意図的なコミュニケーションや看護師への励ましとしてユーモアを活用していた。看護師のユーモアには、年齢や他者との関係、勤務状況、専門領域病棟で求められている看護師の役割が影響していることが示唆された。

抄録
本研究の目的は、入院時におけるうつ病患者の家族の心理的反応を明らかにし、家族に対する効果的な看護援助を検討することである。対象は、精神病院の退院間近または退院直後のうつ病患者の家族で、入院時の状況に関する質問紙調査を行った。収集したデータは質問項目ごとに単純集計し、百分率で算出した。その結果、入院時の家族は患者への接し方の困難を抱えており、疲労困憊していることがわかった。また、患者が入院したことによる安堵の気持ちがあると同時に今後への不安を抱えていた。しかし、患者を支えたいという決意も見られた。これらにより看護援助として1）患者家族にとっても休息が重要な時期であることを伝え、休息を促すと同時に、不安を表出できるような場を設定していくこと、2）家族が患者の支え手としての役割を果たせるように、支えたいという思いを支持し、家族の生活史や考えを情報収集し、ケアに生かしていくことが挙げられる。

抄録
［目的］うつ病者を受け入れる職場体制と、受け入れる立場にある従業員の意識を明らかにし、うつ病者を受け入れる従業員に対する支援を検討する。［方法］北海道内の民間企業8社の従業員400名に対して質問紙調査を実施した。［結果］1）うつ病への関心は高いが、正しい知識をもっていると自任している者は少なかった。2）心の健康問題に対する企業の取り組みの具体的内容は、「相談」が最も多かったが、従業員が求める支援では「関わり」をあげる者が多かった。3）職場の悩みや心配事を相談する相手は「家族」「上司」と回答した者が多かった。［考察］1）うつ病者を受け入れる立場の従業員にうつ病の知識の教育が重要である。2）うつ病当事者からの相談だけでなく、受け入れる従業員からの相談を受ける体制も重要である。3）職場の悩みや心配ごとを相談する相手として「家族」「上司」をあげる者が多く、受け入れる従業員とりわけ上司にあたる人たちへのサポートが必要である。

抄録
背景：薬物治療を継続的している在宅糖尿病患者には，低血糠や機器不良などのトラブルが診療時間外にも発生する。目的：診療時間外における在宅糖尿病患者の電話相談ニーズの実態を明らかにする。方法：A糖尿病専門病院（月平均外来受診約3,300件）の病棟管理日誌から，2005年4月以降16ヵ月間の記録を，患者の年齢，性別，相談内容等について調査した。調査は，同病院の倫理審査委員会の承認を受けた。結果：相談総数は823件，丹平均51.4件で，患者の平均年齢は63.8歳，男性40.6%，女性59.4%であった。相談内容は，低・高血糖，高血圧，嘱吐などの症状トラブルが55.6%，インスリン投与の判断や誤投与，機器不良などの治疫に関するものが27%，その他17.4%であった。結論：患者にとって予期せぬトラブルが起きた場面では，看護師などの専門職者によるタイムリーで利便性の高い電話相談等を利用した対処指導が必要であることが明らかになった。

抄録
Background: Problems such as low blood sugar, defective equipment, and other unexpected difficulty occur on outpatients with diabetes who need constant medication even outside office hours. Objective: This report aims to clarify the actual conditions of patient's telephone consultations by nurses during nighttime and holidays. Methods: Using the nursing management diary of a diabetes-specialized hospital (average number of outpatients per month: about 3,300), we investigated the 16-month period from 2005 April onward, analyzing the age, gender, and consultation records of the patients. Prior to the investigation, we received approval from the hospital's ethical review board. Results: The total number of consultations was 823, the monthly average was 51.4, the patients' average age was 63.8, and the ratio of men to women was 40.6% to 59.4%. Regarding the content of the consultations, concerns related to symptomatic troubles such as low/high blood sugar, high blood pressure and vomiting accounted for 55.6%, concerns related to treatment, such as the administration or misadministration of insulin, or the defective equipment, accounted for 27%, while other concerns accounted for 17.4 %. Conclusions: This study revealed that in cases where patients face unexpected difficulty they need guidance and assistance using timely and accessible telephone consultation by nurses even during nighttime and holidays.

抄録
本研究は，急性期病棟における患者の病床配置に関して，スタッフステーション（以下，SS）から病床までの距離および病床タイプと看護必要度との関連を明らかにすることを目的とした。対象は急性期病院の2病棟であり，各病床の看護必要度および病棟平面図を活用した距離の測定，看護管理者の病床配置に関するヒアリングを行い，以下の結果を得た。1. モニタリングや医療処置の高さを表すA得点は，再病棟ともに個室が4床室より高かった。2. 同A得点は，1つの病棟でSSからの距離との関連がみられたが，同病棟においても距離より個室を優先していると推察された。3. モニタリングや医療処置のための機能を備えたナースコーナーのある病棟においては，A得点の高い患者を必ずしもSSから近い距離に配置していなかった。4. 日常生活援助の必要性を表すB得点と病床配置は，1つの病棟のみでSSからの距離と関連していた。

抄録
The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship of a staff station (hereafter abbreviated as SS) to the arrangement of patient beds, including the types of rooms and distances between the SS and the patient beds in acute care wards. The study was conducted in two wards of an acute care hospital. The following aspects were studied: the nursing care needs of each patient, and the distances between the SS and the patient beds in the wards. The following results were obtained: 1. The values of nursing care needs (A), which included monitoring and treatment, were significantly higher in single rooms than in rooms with four patients in both wards. 2. It was thought that if the patient monitoring and medical care could be performed at nurse comer, the nursing administrators arranged the patient beds for the higher values of nursing care needs (A) without taking into consideration the distance between the SS and the patient beds. 3. The values of nursing care needs (B), which assessed the necessity for levels of daily life assistance, were affected by the distance between the SS and the bed or the type of room in one ward.

抄録
本研究は，老年看護学実習（以下，「実習」とする）前の講義における観察能力の強化と意図的な指導方法により，実習後の学生に生じた「高齢者の自立」に対する認識の変容を明らかにする事を目的とした。対象者は実習終了後の学生47名であり，インタビューによって高齢者の自立をどのようにとらえたか聞き取った。語られた内容は，意味内容に基づきコード化し，認識の変容に着目して分析した。結果，従来の高齢者の自立への認識は，【自分のことは自分でできる】，【1人で生活すること】等であった。しかし実習終了後の高齢者の自立の認識は，【小さな，細かいことにも自立がある】，【意識や認識，気持ちだけでも】等の認識の変容が見られた。これらは，実習前の講義、実習における指導の工夫によるものと推測される。よって，実習において高齢者に内在する能力の維持，拡大につながる看護能力を養う事は，教育の方法等により可能であると確認された。

抄録
The objective of this study is to examine the educational methods of clinical practice of gerontological nursing aiming at the self-reliance of elderly people with disabilities for nursing students. The procedure was as follows: Prior to the practice, educational methods were devised to strengthen the observation capability of the nursing students. Thereafter, they were interviewed after the practice with respect to their evaluation of the self-reliance of the elderly. Subsequently, the obtained results were classified according to their similarity. As a result, contradictory to the notion of self-reliance previously harbored by the students, their concept regarding the elderly was confirmed to have expanded. This therefore suggested that the practice is conducive to the nursing which can draw out the potential of the elderly.

抄録
平成14年9月，厚生労働省は「看護師等による静脈注射は診療補助行為の範疇である」と法解釈を変更した。本院は特定機能病院として，高度先端医療を提供しているため，患者は道内の広域から紹介され，抗がん剤等の危険性が高い薬剤を使用する場合が多い。患者の安全を保障したうえでの看護師による静脈注射の実施は，経験年数が3年未満の看護師が約3割を占める中，いかに環境を整備し，静脈注射に係る高度な知識，技術の習得に向けた教育体制を構築するかが鍵であった。厚生労働省通知の医師等との“適切な業務分担”等を踏まえ，病院内に「静脈注射に関する検討委員会」を設置し，施設基準を作成し，看護部委員会で教育体制の構築を図り，平成20年5月から看護師による静脈注射の実施を開始した。本稿では「静脈注射に関する検討委員会」設置に至る組織化までの過程と，集合教育と部署内教育を組み合わせることを方針に，静脈注射エキスパートの育成を中心とした教育体制の構築の実際と今後の課題について述べる。

抄録
The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan adopted in 2002 a new legal interpretation that stated that nurses were able to practice intravenous infusions under physicians' orders. The Hokkaido University Hospital is an advanced treatment facility that employs state-of-the-art medical technology in its role as the healthcare hub in Hokkaido. There is a high likelihood that patients receiving cancer therapy at this hospital will require high-risk drugs administered by intravenous infusions. However, nurses' infusion safety practices were found to be less than optimal because approximately 30% of nurses had fewer than three years of experience. We therefore aimed to establish an educational system whereby nurses could acquire advanced knowledge and skills pertaining to safe intravenous infusions. Our hospital founded a special committee that reviewed infusions performed by nurses. The committee created facility-wide criteria that have promoted a concrete division of roles among health care professions. A session run by expert nurses resulted in the establishment of a unique system to educate nurses about intravenous infusions. All Nurses began performing the infusions in 2008. This study describes the process underlying the approach of the institution and the committee as well as the expert nurse session that combined special lectures, group work, and unit learning. We also describe possible limitations of the institutional approach and the educational system.

抄録
本研究は，看護学生が老年看護学実習の初期に直面する困難の中で，疾病や障害を持つ高齢者の観察に関わる困難を明らかにすることを目的とした。実習終了後に面接を実施し，学生が老年看護学実習の初期にわからなかったこと，困ったことを聞き取った。語られた内容を，疾病や障害を持つ高齢者を観察する点に焦点をあて分析した結果，【できる事を観察する視点がわからない】，【自立への目標がわかりにくい】という2つのカテゴリーが得られた。以上によって，老年看護学実習の初期における学生の困難の中で，疾病や障害を持つ高齢者を観察するという観点における困難は，顕在する問題状況にとらわれやすく，内在する能力を見出し難いことが明らかとなった。また疾病や障害を持つ高齢者の自立を，高齢者に内在する能力を維持，拡大することも含めたこれまでとは異なる広い概念として構築することの重要性が示唆された。

抄録
This study aimed to clarify the difficulties that the student nurses experienced in the first stage of clinical practice of gerontological nursing. The participants were 48 student nurses who were in charge of observing elderly people with disabilities. At the end of the clinical practice of gerontological nursing, the student nurses were interviewed on the difficulties they experienced during the period of their clinical practice. As a research method, the content talked about the difficulty when the student nurses observed the elderly people with disabilities in the interview was analyzed. Results indicated two difficulties that were experienced by student nurses observing elderly people with disabilities, "to find their potential ability" and "to set the target according to their self-reliance". Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the observation method and the improve the target setting in the first stage of clinical practice of gerontological nursing.

抄録
本研究は，慢性期病棟における「褥瘡予防に向けた業務改善」に取組む看護師に対するコンサルテーション・プロセスに焦点をあてて，支援の実際とコンサルテーションにおける今後の課題を明らかにすることを自的とした。コンサルテーション・プロセスにおいて，組織的な介入の際には管理者との信頼関係を保つことが不可欠であった。また，「課題適応型コンサルテーション」は「プロセス適応型コンサルテーション」と比べ，問題の明確化からデータ収集までは比較的に時間を要しないと言われているが，今回は組織内部から改善策を提出することを重要視したため，より多くの時間を要した。コンサルテーションによるコンサルティの成長や組織内部の活性を促進できたとする評価は，本介入の有効性を示すものである。今後は、個人や集団とのコンセンサスのとり方や時間的な枠組みも熟考した上で，計画的なコンサルテーション活動を行うことが課題であると考えられた。

抄録
The present study aimed to clarify the level of support and identify future issues that will need to be addressed in the field of consultation by focusing on nurses working towards "Improved practices to prevent bedsores" in chronic phase hospital wards. Maintaining a relationship of trust with the administration was crucial to systematic intervention of our support program. While "task-oriented consultation" generally requires less time between problem identification and data collection than "process-oriented consultation", in this program it required more time as I encouraged submission of improvement proposals from within the system. Given the increase in consultees and enhanced activity within the system, I conclude that "task-oriented consultation" is efficacious. To further develop well-planned consultation activities, an emphasis on temporal structure, group consensus techniques and interpersonal relationships will be critical.

抄録
目的：ターミナルケアを受講する前の看護学生の死に対する態度終末期医療・看護に対する関心を明らかにし終末期看護の教育のあり方について検討することである。方法：看護学を専攻する3年次学生に対し，終末期医療・看護への関心，死生観，死の経験について自記式質問紙法により調査を行った。結果および考察：54名から回答を得た（回収率77.1%）。学生は，精神的・心理的ケア，身体的ケア，倫理的側面に関心を強く持っていた。一方で、スペシャリストへの関心はあまり高くなく，授業内容・時期に工夫が必要であると考えられた。また，終末期医療全般への関心は高く，メディアを通じて情報を得ているが，積極的に本を読んだり，講演会への参加などによって死や終末期の情報を集めるという行動には至っていないことが明らかになった。これらの学生の傾向をふまえ，身近なメディアを活用しつつ，理解度に合わせて図書や講演会について情報提供を行う必要性が示唆された。

抄録
Purpose: To clarify the attitude of nursing students towards death, to determine which aspects of End-of-Life Care they are interested in before lectures on End-of-Life Care, and to consider the content and the method of End-of-Life nursing education. Method: Subjects were third year nursing students. We used a questionnaire to study the degree of interest in End-of-Life Care: knowledge about End-of-Life, how knowledge about End-of-Life is acquired, and experience with death. We used the Death Attitude Inventory (DAI) to study their attitude towards death. Results and discussion: Responses from 54 nursing students were analyzed. They were very interested in psychological and mental health care, physical care and ethical aspects of End-of-Life Care. However, they were not interested so much in End-of-Life Care specialists. Therefore, a method of teaching, which interests nursing students in End-of-Life Care, and the appropriate time to present this course need to be determined. Although participants had significant interest in End-of-Life Care, most did not actively collect information and knowledge except from media resources. A few students read books and attended lectures on End-of-Life Care. Hence, our research indicates that media resources are a good way to teach End-of-Life Care because students are very familiar with them, and books and lectures, which student can understand, should be presented.

抄録
インスリン自己注射施行中の糖尿病患者にアンケート調査を行い血糖コントロール不良要因とその改善に向けた指導方法について検討した。方法は1型および2型の糖尿病患者84名を対象として，1）血糖のコントロール状況，2）インスリン投与方法，3）生活環境要因の3項目について調査し日本糖尿病学会ガイドラインを基に血糖コントロール不良な不良群とそれ以外の良好群の2群に分けて検討した。血糖コントロール不良群では，実際の血糖コントロール不良状況や血糖コントロール目標値の重要性に対する自覚不足があった。インスリン投与方法では，不良群に強化インスリン療法の実施例が有意に少なかった。生活環境要因では，不規則な就業時間による食事摂取不良に伴う適正なインスリン自己注射実施の困難性と外食をすることにより栄養バランスに欠けた食事管理不良が明らかとなった。以上のことから，インスリン自己注射施行中の糖尿病患者に対しては，個々人が各々の血糖コントロール不良要因を自覚し，その要因を改善できるように，具体的な血糖コントロールの指標や対処法を指導するという積極的な介入が重要で、あると考えられた。

抄録
The purposes of this study were to clarify the factors which influence on poor glycemic control in diabetic patients with a self-management insulin therapy and to consider the methods of better patient education for good glycemic control. A questionnaire survey was carried out to eighty-four diabetics (type 1 and 2) at the outpatient clinic in the A hospital. The patients were divided into poor and stable control groups according to the guideline for diabetes practice (Japan Diabetes Society). Glycemic control status, dosage and times of insulin therapy, and living environment factors of the patients were evaluated. In the poor control group, most of the patients did not realize their actual inadequate glycemic control status and the importance of an individual targeted value for adequate glycemic control. Less intensive insulin therapy in the poor control group was noted. As living environment factors, difficulties in regular dietary intake and regular insulin injection due to irregular working hours, and in adequate dietary management due to dining out were evident. To achieve good glycemic control in diabetic patients with a self-management insulin therapy, positive nursing intervention to the patients was considered to be important by guiding a proper individual targeted value and by educating proper methods to achieve good glycemic control.

抄録
本研究は，地域精神保健福祉活動における保健師の慢性期の統合失調症者に対する訪問指導において訪問回数を決定する基準の実態を把握し，基準を作成することを目的とした。統合失調症者に対する訪問指導経験のある保健所保健師を対象に，郵送による無記名自記式質問紙法を実施した。結果，保健師が訪問回数を決定する時に，優先する判断項目は，病状全般，日常生活，家族のソーシャルサポートの順で、あった。訪問回数の頻度を3区分に設定し，訪問回数区分別に保健師が判断した病状の程度を基本にして，生活能力，ソーシヤルサポートの平均を算出し，在宅で生活する統合失調症者に対する訪問回数の判断基準を作成した。この基準は慢性期の統合失調症者へ関わる看護職が今後活用してくことができると考える。

抄録
In this study, the judgment index for the number of visits to schizophrenic patients that are undertaken by public health nurses (PHNs), as a part of the community mental health service, was determined using the result of actual conditions of judging. Subjects included PHNs working at health centers who were experienced in providing home visits to schizophrenic patients. Self-administered unsigned questionnaires were mailed to the subjects. The primary factors determining the judgment index were disease condition, daily living activities, and social support from the patients' family The judgment index for the number of visits was calculated based on the average performance of the daily living activities and requirement of social support according to the level of the disease condition observed during each section of visit number. Therefore, the nurses who provided care for chronic schizophrenic patients can use this judgment index to maxlmlze their services. In brief, this study presents the importance of using the judgment index for determining the number of home visits for schizophrenic patients, which in turn would help in improving their clinical judgment.

抄録
認知症高齢者のBPSDへの看護介入と看護研究の課題を明らかにする目的で，過去10年間の文献検討を行なった。精神科看護におけるBPSDを示す認知症高齢者のケーススタディ6編が選択され，「なじみの関係をつくる」，「安定した場所の確保」，「行動症状・心理症状の背後にある要因をアセスメントする」，「自尊感情を守る関わり」，「コミュニケーションの工夫」，「介入のタイミングを見計らう」，「セイフティマネジメント」，「非薬物療法への参加を奨める」という8項目に分類された。精神科看護技術の統合に向けて，1.ケーススタディにおいて，神経学的要因， BPSD，看護介入，結果を丁寧に記述し，それぞれを認知症タイプや病期において比較検討する， 2. BPSDに対するコミュニケーション技法を検討する， 3. 認知症の重篤なBPSDに対するセイフティマネジメントを検討する，の課題があげられた。

抄録
This literature review in from the last 10 years was done for the purpose to reveal nursing interventions and study themes to behavioral psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in elderly patients with dementia. We overviewed six case studies of elderly patients with dementia, who showed problem behavior at psychiatric hospitals. On the nursing interventions, we classified eight intervention which are "to make familiar relationship", "to keep the steady position ", "to back for the BPSD", "to protect their self-esteem", "better way to communicate with patients", "to consider the timing", "safety management" and "to recommend non medication treatments". We chose three nursing points for studying further. One was to compare the type and stage of dementia and to describe exactly the brain function deficit, BPSD, nursing interventions and their results. Secondly we considered how to communicate with patients who are exhibiting BPSD. Thirdly we looked at safety management for severe cases of BPSD.

抄録
本研究は，高齢患者用退院支援スクリーニング票をもとに改訂版退院支援スクリーニング票を作成し，妥当性を検討したものである。高齢患者用退院支援スクリーニング票は，退院支援のニーズに関連した7つの指標で構成され， 10点以上の患者を退院支援が必要なハイリスク患者と判定するものである。今回，新たに「年齢」の項目を追加し，各項目の選択肢を具体的な表現に変更し改訂版退院支援スクリーニング票を作成した。大学病院に入院した20歳以上の435名を対象にスクリーニングした結果，スクリーニング票のカットオフ値を10点として，ハイリスク患者の特定に対する感度，特異度は77.3%，84.3%であった。また，スコア10点以上の患者は， 10点未満の患者に比べ，自宅外退院や退院支援を受ける割合が有意に高かった。以上より，本スクリーニング票は，ハイリスク患者について判別可能で、あり，臨床活用上で有用なツールであると考えられた。

抄録
The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity of a revised screening tool for identifying patients who might require discharge planning at a university hospital. The original screening tool contained the following seven predictors based on elderly patients' needs for discharge planning: functional and mental status, medical treatment, living situation, arrangement for residence after discharge, problems regarding care at home, and application for Long-term Care Insurance. Total scores ranged from 0 to 26 and patients with scores greater than 10 were considered high-risk patients who should be referred to the discharge planning team. In the revised version, an age item was added and the contents of each predictor were modified concretely. The screening tool was completed by 435 patients over the age of 20 years who were hospitalized in a university hospital. The results indicated that among patients who scored more than 10 points, a high proportion were discharged to a place other than their homes or received discharge planning. Furthermore, when the cut-off value of the screening tool was set at 10 points (total score range: 0 to 28), the sensitivity for "high-risk patients", i.e., those who were discharged to places other than their homes or received discharge planning was 77.3%, with as pecificity of 84.3%. The present results suggest that this revised screening tool could be used to identify "high-risk patients" at a university hospital and is valid for clinical use.

抄録
新卒看護職員の高い離職率を背景に，厚生労働省は平成21年度より保健師助産師看護師学校養成所指定規則等の一部を改正し，看護基礎教育における実践的な教育内容の充実を目指している。本看護学専攻は開設当初より学生の実践能力向上に向けた教育に取り組み，平成19年9月には4年次の学生を対象に最終の必修実習科目として，看護管理学実習を実施した。この実習のねらいは，学生が2名の患者を受け持ち，看護師が立案した看護計画をもとに1日の看護の優先度を決定し，介入，評価について実習を行い，看護の組織的活動という視点から，看護チームにおける協働，安全管理，情報管理等について理解を深めることである。本稿では，看護管理学実習の取り組みと，実践能力向上に関する有効性について検討する。

抄録
The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan has adopted new amendment regulations for Public Health Nurse, Midwife, and Registered Nurse educational institutions. The goal of these new regulations is to improve the skills taught in fundamental nursing education. These advances are particularly important with the high turnover rate of new nursing graduates at hospitals. The Faculty of Nursing at Hokkaido University has been continually focused on improving nursing education programs and upgrading training skills. This year we implemented a new nursing administration practicum as the last compulsory subject for students. For the first time, senior students were placed in charge of two patients under the supervision of an attending nurse. The students learned priority-nursing practices as they pertain to both patients and nursing administration, including corroborating within the nursing team, patient safety, and information management. This practicum was mutually beneficial for the students. The purpose of this report is to introduce the development and details of the practicum and to summarize how this practicum has improved student nursing practices.

抄録
助産の法的概念と助産師の法的責任について，医師法，保健師助産師看護師法，医療法等の法規定，および分娩経過中に助産師が関与した判例をもとに検討し，以下を結論した。1.法的に助産（分娩介助）は（絶対的）医行為であり，助産師には裁量がある。2.助産師の分娩経過中の過失は，異常の予見可能性と不適切な判断の2点を中心に認定されている。3. 助産師は，分娩時の異常の状態の判断について単独で責任を間われる。4. 異常発生の予見可能性について，助産師は医師と同等の注意義務を負っており，助産師一般，あるいは平均的助産師を基準に判断される。5. 助産師は，異常の予見義務について医師との共同責任が問われることもあるが，医師の監督指導責任下にはない。6. 助産師の医師への連絡・報告義務は，助産師の責任下にある。助産師は，正常分娩を自ら介助するのみならず，保健師助産師看護師法第38条のもと，医師への連絡の要否を判断し得る専門的教育訓練を受けており，助産師が分娩経過を観察している場合，医師の分娩監視義務（診療義務）は，問われない。7. 分娩経過中の観察（含内診）は，必然的に観察と判断（助産診断）が連続して行われる。このため，助産(分娩介助)という行為の性質は医行為とされる。

抄録
This paper examined the legal concept of midwifery and its associated legal liability based on regulations, including the Medical Practitioners Law, the Public Health Nurse, Midwife, and Registered Nurse Act, and the Medical Practice Act and civil affairs judicial precedents in which midwives have been involved in the process of delivery. The author reached the following conclusion. 1. Midwifery can legally be an absolutely independent medical practice in which nurse-midwives have clinical discretion. 2. The negligence of nurse-midwives is evaluated on the basis of the predictability of any abnormalities that may arise and the adequacy of their judgments at delivery. 3. Nurse-midwives can be held solely responsible for their judgment as to the progress and potential complications of delivery. 4. With respect to the predictability of complications during delivery, nurse-midwives have an equivalent duty as physicians to provide prudent, competent care and thoughtful judgment that takes into account any problems that may arise. 5. There are circumstances in which corporate responsibility with physicians is held; however, the physicians' responsibility as a supervisor is not typically applied to nurse-midwives. 6. Nurse-midwives are responsible to report to and/or consult physicians. In addition to helping with normal births, nurse-midwives have sufficient professional training to judge on a case-by-case basis the necessity of reporting to doctors, according to Article 38 of the Public Health Nurse, Midwife, and Registered Nurse Act. In situations in which am idwife is observing the delivery process, the physician is not obligated to observe delivery directly. 7. Throughout the delivery, a nurse-midwife should continuously utilize their observational skills and clinical judgment (midwife's diagnosis) to ensure a safe, successful delivery. Therefore, the nature of a midwifery practice is the same as that of a medical practice.

抄録
日本において，看護師等による産婦への内診を含む助産行為は，2002年，2004年，2007年に出された行政通知によって禁じられている。本研究は，助産師の社会的需要はますます増大しているという観点から，以下について論じる。1. 医療法指定規則に定めのない助産師の需要は，助産行為を誰が担うのかに依拠する。とくに診療所では助産師を積極的に採用する方策が十分なされてこなかったために，無資格者による助産行為をせざるを得ない状況となった。2. 未就業助産師のなかで就業を希望する者は一定数存在する。3. 助産師の偏在は就労環境に依拠し，単に勤務条件，労働条件のみならず，継続教育の保証，助産師としての専門性が発揮できる環境，安全に助産業務が遂行できる人的環境，医師，看護師との役割分担とパートナーシップが重要である。4.現在，医療化された出産現場において助産師は，専門職としてのアイデンティティを取り戻し， 実践能力を高める努力が必要とされる。

抄録
In Japan, the practice of midwifery, including pelvic examination, by registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and nursing assistants is prohibited under administrative notifications issued in 2002, 2004, and 2007. This study addresses the following issues in the light of increasing social demand for midwifery. 1. As the Medical Practice Act does not designate the roles and regulations for nurse-midwives, the demands for these professionals depend on who has been charged with the responsibility for delivery. There has not been effective strategies to employ nurse-midwivesactively at matemal clinics; as a result, unlicensed persons have had to assist with deliveries. 2. There is a constant number of qualified nurse-midwives who are not currently working, but wish to start practicing. 3. The structure of the current work environment is responsible for the uneven distribution of nurse-midwives. Therefore, it is important to provide a clinical environment in which nurse-midwives can use the full extent of their training and a personal environment in which they can safely accomplish their statutory duty at delivery. It is also important to guarantee continuous education and training, clearly defining the roles of physicians and registered nurse under these conditions will help establish a partnership among them and improve employment and labor conditions. 4. Currently, nurse-midwives are routinely confronted by hospitals at delivery as to their function and responsibilities. Nurse-midwives need to regain an acknowledgement of the role of their profession in childbirth and continue to enhance their practical abilities to fulfill that role effectively.

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本研究の目的は保健師指導者のリーダーシップ能力の自己評価の実態と保健指導者育成プログラムの効果を明らかにすることである。北海道と2県内の保健師指導者を対象にプログラム実施前後に自記式質問紙調査を実施し，プログラムに参加し回答のあった102名を分析対象とした。調査内容は対象者の属性と自作のリーダーシップ能力の自己評価に関する5項目である。開始前のリーダーシップ能力と属性との関連はt検定を用いて解析し，プログラムの効果は対応のあるt検定を用いて解析した。対象者のリーダーシップ能力の自己評価はほぼ4点であった(できる6点―できない1点)。リーダーシップ能力の自己評価は職位と人材育成・看護管理研修受講の有無と関連していた。実施後にリーダーシップ能力に対する自己評価が全般的に向上し，プログラムの効果があった。今後，保健師指導者のリーダーシップ能力を高めるような現任教育体制を整備していく必要がある。

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The aim of this study was to examine the self-evaluation of leadership skills of public health nurse leaders and evaluate the effect of the training program for public health nurse leaders. Self-administrative questionnaire surveys were conducted among public health nurse leaders in Hokkaido and 2 prefectures before and after the training program. The data of 102 subjects who participated in the training and completed the questionnaires were analyzed. The questionnaire comprised items concerning the characteristics and leadership skills of the subjects (the 5 items on leadership skills were developed by the authors of this study). The relation between self-evaluation of leadership skills and characteristics before the training was analyzed using t-test and the effect of the training was analyzed using paired t-test. The score of leadership skills of the subjects was about 4 point ("Yes, I can: 6 point" - "No, I can not: 1 point"). Self-evaluation of leadership skills were found to be related to position and participation/non-participation in human resources development and nursing management training programs. Self-evaluation of leadership skills of the subjects improved on the whole throughout the training period, proving the effectiveness of the program. It is necessary to develop an ongoing education system aimed at improving leadership skills of public health nurse leaders.

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Accidents during childhood are attributable to characteristics of their developmental stages, and chi1dren, healthy and sick, meet with a wide variety of accidents. Though hospitalized children in particular have higher risks for accidents in the course of adjusting to new environment and serious consequences are drawn depending on their medical conditions, no research reports on such a topic can be found. Therefore, we surveyed and considered accident prevention measures in children's hospitals as well as their guardians' awareness about accidents. Accidents in this survey do not mean those of medical practice but those peculiar to children including falling, accidental ingestion, suffocation, bruises, wounds and burn injuries. After interviewing charge nurses of inpatient' wards about the circumstances of accidents, admission orientation, and accident prevention efforts, we analyzed and discussed the results as follows. 1) Falling accidents and falling from beds happened in every hospital, but no other kinds of accidents. 2) Every hospital made brochures to prevent accidents mostly for guardians，but a few for children themselves. 3) Environmental arrangements for accident avoidance performed are: displays for safe use of intravenous drip and bed fences, five-legged intravenous drip stands, cushioned floor, and safe measures in playing rooms. 4) No predictive tools to prevent children from falling are used.

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本研究では，膠原病を持つ人を対象に，病いによる肯定的な変化と言われているベネフィットファインディングの特性とその獲得に関わる要因について明らかにすることを目的とし，外来通院している膠原病患者7名を対象に半構造化面接を行った。ベネフィットファインディングの特徴として《困難に対処していけると思えるようになった》，《自分自身を大切にして生きようと思うようになった》，《感謝の気持ちが深まった》，《他者の痛みに共感できるようになった》，《新しい友人と出会うことができた》，《他者に貢献したいと思うようになった》という6つのカテゴリーが抽出され，ベネフィットファインディングの獲得に関わる要因として《困難で、あった経験》，《治療を続けていく上での支え》，《信じている人からの言葉》，《信じられるものの存在》の4つのカテゴリーが抽出された。実践への示唆として，ベネフィットファインディングを含め患者の病い経験を幅広く理解していくことと，必要な支えや励ましを送り続ける支援の重要性が示された。

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristics of benefit-finding, which is defined as identification of benefits or positive changes from illness experience, and the factors which related to the formation of benefit-finding. Subjects were seven persons with collagen disease receiving outpatient services, and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Six categories were emerged as the characteristics of benefit-finding; "coping difficulties in life", "having consideration for oneself", "having deeper appreciation", "feeling sympathy for pain of others", "meeting new friends" and "wish to make a contribution to others". Four categories were found as factors related to the formation of benefit-finding; "difficulty expenences", "support for life with illness", "the word from significant persons" and "existence one can believe". The results of this study suggest the importance of deeper understanding of the illness experience, not only the negative aspects but also positive aspects, and provision of support which assist patients in managing difficulties resulting living with illness.

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目的：【安楽な体位と判断する評価基準】を活用したポジショニングの学習成果を，対象者の技術達成度と模擬患者の主観的評価から明らかにすることである。方法：本授業を受講した1年次学生69名のうち，無作為に選抜された7名を対象者とした。模擬患者1名に対する，仰臥位，側臥位，ファーラー位のポジショニング実施状況をビデオに撮影した。文献検討で明らかになった【安楽な体位と判断する評価基準】をもとに，技術達成度を評価した。また，安楽の度合は，質問紙による模擬患者の主観的評価から判断した。結果および考察：対象者が実施したポジショニング回数21回のうち，17回が80%以上の達成状況で，達成度は高かったと判断した。また，模擬患者からの評価も高く，安楽なポジションであったと判断された。しかし，評価基準のうち「良肢位を尊重している」は達成度が低く，知識に裏づけられた技術の実践に到達しているとは言いきれないと判断された。

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Purpose: The authors conducted positioning classes utilizing evaluation criterions to help students to judge comfortable positions. The purpose of our study is to clarify learning outcomes of the positioning for which "Evaluation Criterions for Judging Comfortable Positions" is used by technical achievements and subjective evaluations of one simulated patient. Method: The authors selected 7 first-year students from 69 of the Division of Nursing who participated in the class randomly. Implementation of positioning for supine position, lateral position and fowler position of one simulated patient were videotaped. Based on "Evaluation Criterions for Judging Comfortable Positions" obtained from a reference discussion, the authors evaluated technical achievements. Furthermore, we judged comfort levels from subjective evaluations of the simulated patient by a questionnaire method. Results and discussion: The subjects performed positioning 21 times. Comfort levels over 80% were obtained in 17 of them and the authors judged that it was high. The evaluation result from the simulated patient was also high and we concluded that they were comfortable positions. However, among the evaluation criterions, the achievement level of "Respect functional position" was low. Therefore, we concluded that they did not reach the practice of the skill based on knowledge about "Respect functional position".

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がんと共に生きる人々がその人らしく生きて行けるために，精神的援助の重要性が強調されている。そこで，がん患者のうつについての研究動向を明らかにし，看護実践の質を向上させる看護研究の課題を検討するために，過去10年間分の文献検討を行ったところ，以下のことが明らかになった。1. 「うつ」と「がん」をキーワードとして，看護分野におけるがん患者のうつに関する文献検討を行った。原著18件を検討したところ，研究の内容は，うつの実態把握と関連要因の研究，介入プログラムに関する研究，他の概念との関連性についての研究に分類された。2. がん患者のうつに対する看護の現状を明らかにすることと，うつに関連する身体的，社会的，心理的な要因それぞれについて具体的な介入方法とその効果に関する研究の蓄積が必要である。3. 積極的な治療の時期だけではなく，終末期におけるうつとその看護に関する研究の必要性がある。4. 患者の家族に対する看護内容の検討が必要である。5. うつの測定尺度は，がん患者の身体状況を考慮して選択されるべきである。

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The importance of mental support has been underlined with regard to maintaining the quality of life of people living with cancer. We reviewed the literature published in the past 10 years to examine research leading to improved nursing practices and education related to depression in cancer patients. Consequently, we confirmed the following: 1. We reviewed literature related to depression in cancer patients in the field of nursing, using the terms "depression" and "cancer" as keywords. The research contents of the 18 original papers we reviewed are classified into 1) comprehension of the actual conditions of depression and the study of relevant factors; 2) studies of intervention programs; and 3) the relevance of such depression to other concepts. 2. The scale for depression should be selected while considering the physical condition of cancer patients. 3. Depression must be studied in association with spiritual pain both during terminal care as well as during active treatment. 4. The approach for nursing patients' families should be studied. 5. Nursing practices for depression in cancer patients should be clear, and studies of practical means of intervention with regard to physical, social, and psychological factors related to depression and on their effects must be accumulated.

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積極的に終末期の患者・家族に関与できるためのコミュニケーションの実践と教育につながる看護の研究の課題を検討することを目的として，過去10年間の終末期における看護師のコミュニケーションに関する文献検討を行った。その結果以下のことが明らかになった。1. 終末期における看護師のコミュニケーションに関する原著34件を検討したところ，研究の内容は，コミュニケーションに対する患者・家族のニーズ，コミュニケーションに関する看護師の意識，コミュニケーションがもたらす効果，コミュニケーションにおける課題と困難性，コミュニケーションの向上などであった。2. 当該分野における課題は，理論を用いることにより，より焦点化した研究が行われること，看護師が終末期のコミュニケーションに対して感じている技術的な問題，時間的な問題，看護師の感情についての研究の蓄積，および研究の知見に基づいた教育方法の開発である。

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We reviewed the literature published in the past 10 years to examine issues of nursing research which lead to practices and education related to the skill of comrnunication for being actively involved in taking care for terminally ill patients and families. As a consequence, we confirmed the following: 1. We reviewed 34 original papers on nurses' communication during terminal care. The research contents consisted of the needs for communication of the patients and their families, nurses' awareness of communication, the effects of communication, issues and difficulties in comrnunication, and the improvement of communication. 2. The issues in this field of research were to conduct more focused studies through theoretical approach, to accumulate studies of what nurses feel about communication during terminal care in terms of skills, time, and emotions, and to develop educational methods based on the knowledge obtained through such studies.

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A大学の看護学概論の中で，新しい病院環境に関する講義の後に学生が自由記載した講義レポートの記述内容を，B.Berelsonの内容分析法に基づき分析した結果，同講義の以下の学習成果を得ることができた。結果として，【A:新しい環境・建築・病院に対する関心の高まり】，【B:環境が人間に与える影響の考察】，【C:看護と環境の関連性に対する認識】，【D:新しい環境・建築・病院に対する否定的評価】，【E:今後の自己の学習や目標】，【F:講義・教員からの知的刺激】，【G:今後の看護の広がり】，【H:建築・工学への興味】の8カテゴリーが抽出された。新しい病院環境に関する講義は，看護学概論の目標のうち，特に看護学の主要概念の関連性を理解すること，自己の看護学に対するモチベーションの確認と向上，および広い視野から学ぶ重要性を理解することに有効であることが示唆された。

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Students wrote free-form reports at the end of the new "hospital environment" class within introduction to nursing science. We analyzed content on the reports by Berelson's analysis, and identified student's learning outcome. Analysis identified the following 8 categories: A. interest in the new environment, architecture and hospital; B. discussion of the influence of environment on humans; C. recognition of relationships between nursing and environment; D. negative assessment of the new environment, architecture and hospital; E. future self-learning and goals; F. Intellectual stimuli from lecture and teacher; G. future development of nursing; H. interest in architecture and engineering. The study suggested that the class described above was useful to understand relationships among primary concepts in nursing, to recognize and develop motivation toward nursing, and to understand the importance in learning with a broad perspective.

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本研究の目的は，北海道において化学療法を受けるがん患者をケアする看護師の困難の実態と学習ニーズを明らかにすることである。郵送法による質問紙調査を実施し，北海道における32病院（200床以上）を大学病院，がん専門病院，一般病院の3施設群に分け，得られた有効回答数443（各126，34，283）（回収率50.5%）を解析した。分析の結果，本研究に回答した実践者は，副作用症状である『脱毛』と心理社会的ストレスである『高齢または認知力低下患者への効果的患者教育』を最も困難感が強い項目とした。学習ニーズは，こうした症状マネジメントや心理社会的ストレスにおける優先性の高い項目と共通性のある項目が明らかになった。北海道における3施設群間で困難感に有意差が生じており，とりわけ困難感の強い一般病院群では，約50%で学習環境が整備されておらず，学習ニーズ、にあった系統的学習プログラムの開発により，自律した学習への支援が急がれると考えられた。

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The purpose of this study is to identify difficultyand learning needs in oncologic nursing for chemotherapy at a hospital in Hokkaido. Questionnaires were mailed, and respondents at thirty two of hospitals (more than 200 beds) in Hokkaido were divided into three hospitals as university hospitals, oncology hospitals, and general hospitals. The data (response rate 50.5%) with 443 (each 126,34,283) valid responses were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal Wallis test (p<0.05). As a result, the respondent in this study were identified some of great difficulty in symptom management, such as alopecia and in stress management, such as conducting effective education for the elderly or patients with cognitive disturbance. Learning needs were identified in common topic of symptom management and stress management. There were statistical significance about difficulty among three hospitals in Hokkaido, most respondents had an in-service education program at oncology hospital, while less were of as ignificance at general hospitals (p<0.01). The result suggests that the necessity for nurses at general hospitals to construct a system of continuing education program offered to meet their needs, in particular.

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本研究は，地域精神保健福祉活動における保健師の統合失調症者に対する訪問指導において訪問回数の判断を困難にする要因を検討することを目的とした。統合失調症者の訪問指導を行っている保健所保健師を対象に無記名自記式質問紙法を実施し，自由記載内容を質的に分析した。結果，訪問回数評価が「不適切である」と判断した理由には11サブカテゴリーが得られ，それらは5カテゴリーに分類できた。「わからない」の理由として，13サブカテゴリーが得られ，それらは4カテゴリーに分類できた。「不適切である」，「わからない」理由を比較した結果2つの同じカテゴリー，すなわち【統合失調症者の特性の影響】と【対象理解不足】が認められた。訪問の必要性の判断を困難にしている場合，関わり初期から，事例の十分な情報収集とアセスメントをし，対象理解の再検討をすること，また保健師個々の判断ではなくチーム全体で事例検討し判断能力を向上させていくためのサポート体制を充実することが重要であることが示唆された。

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The purpose of this study was to clarify factors making it difficult that public health nurses (PHNs) decide how often they should visit schizophrenic patients. Subjects were PHNs working at ten health centers located in areas where were relatively affluent in social resources in Hokkaido, who made nursing home visits to schizophrenic patients. A self-administered and unsigned questionnaire was collected by mail. The questionnaire included demographics of the PHNs and each case, the frequency of visits, and the assessment of the frequency. What respondents freely wrote the reasons why they judged the frequency of visit 'not just' and 'no understandable', were analyzed by Berelson's contents analysis. 11 subcategories were obtained from the reasons of 'not just'. and were classified into 5 categories. 13 subcategories were obtained from the reason of 'no understandable' and classified into 4 categories. After comparing categories from reasons of 'not just' and of 'no understandable', two similar categories were obtained: the influence of a schizophrenic characteristic and lack of object understanding. In the case where the judgment of frequency of visits was difficult, the case should be examined by the entire team, and it was suggested that we should make a support system for improving judgment capabilities complete.

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【目的】本研究の目的は，個室病床は孤独感を感じやすい環境なのか，また，そうであるとすれば，孤独感に影響を及ぼす要因は何かということを明らかにし，孤独感軽減のための看護介入の手がかりを得ることである。【方法】個室に入院中または一般病床に入院中で，今回の入院で個室を経験した20歳以上の患者からのアンケート結果（72例）を解析した。【結果および考察】孤独感を感じている人は18例（25.0%）であり，重症室（37.2%）が特別室（6.9%）より有意に多かった。重症室では必要とされる医療処置が多く，制限された生活となることから患者は孤独感を感じやすい状況にあると考えられた。また孤独感は患者の性向要因（自らコミュニケーションを図りに行く性格傾向）と身体的要因（ADL）に起因しており，検討した入院環境要因では差を認めなかった。以上より，個室は孤独感を感じやすい環境であり，身体的要因のみではなく，性格傾向を十分に配慮して孤独感の軽減に向けたケアを行っていく必要がある。

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Objectives: The purpose of the study is to clarify whether a single room of hospital is an environment inducing loneliness, if it is so, and to identify the factors which influence on loneliness, and to obtain clues for nursing interventions to soothe the patients' mind. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted to the hospitalized patients over the age 20 either who were inpatient accommodation of a single room or who were in a four -bedded room after the experience of a single room in the hospital. The data obtained from 72 cases were analyzed along the lines of the objectlves. Results and Discussions: Eighteen patients (25.0%) felt loneliness, especially loneliness in the single rooms for intensive care (37.2%) was significantly higher than that in the single deluxe rooms (6.9%). It was considered that the patients in the single rooms for intensive care were easy to feel loneliness due to restrictions on their activities by frequent medical treatments. Furthermore, it was revealed that the loneliness was significantly related to the personality factors (talkative, speak to others aggressively) and to the physical factors (declined ADL). However, no significant difference was recognized on the inpatient environmental factors. It was concluded that a single room of hospital is the environment inducing of loneliness. Therefore it is necessary to soothe the patients' loneliness by providing cares in consideration of not only physical factors but disposition of the patients.

抄録
本研究の目的は，周手術期看護学実習のケーススタディにむけたレディネス形成として，手術室実習の有効性について検討することである。方法は，学生75名を対象とした自記式質問紙法を用い手術室実習の前と後において調査し，Wilcoxonの符号付順位和検定を用いて分析した。前後で有意差があった項目は，「外回り看護師の重要性」，「チーム医療の重要性」，「コミュニケーション技術の必要性」など手術室看護に関する学び5項目と，手術室看護および手術室実習に対する態度6項目全てであった。学生は，1）事前学習レポートにもとづく注意深い観察学習を通して，手術室看護に関する知識・技術を再確認し，2）ロールモデルとなる外回り看護師とともに手術室看護を経験することによって，チーム医療における看護師の役割とその価値に気づいたと考えられ，手術室実習は周手術期看護学実習のケーススタディにむけたレディネス形成として有効であると結論づけた。

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The research investigated the efficacy of the operating room nursing practice as a readiness formation for a case study of perioperative nursing practice. The research was conducted with self-administered questionnaires completed by 75 student nurses before and after operating room nursing practice, and the data was analyzed by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test. Significant differences were confirmed for five items of the students' leanings conceming the nursing care in operation room, including "importance of circulating nurses", "importance of team medical care" and "need for communication techniques", and all six items concemed their attitudes toward nursing care in the operation room and operating room nursing practice. It was thought that 1) the student nurses reaffirmed the knowledge and techniques conceming nursing care in the operation room through attentive observation based upon their previous study report, and that 2) they recognized the role of nurses in team medical care and leamed its importance through nursing care experience in the operation room together with circulating nurses as a role model. As a result, it was concluded that the operating room nursing practice was effective as a readiness formation for the case study of perioperative nursing practice.

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本研究の目的は、早産で出生した子どもの父親のうち、20代前半の男性が、出生より1年の聞に父親として経験した気持ち・考えなどの変化を明らかにすることである。研究方法は、第1子である早産児の出生より1年経過した20代前半の父親2名に半構成的面接を行い、質的帰納的に分析した。分析の結果、【早産によるパニック状態】、【出生の安堵感】、【わが子への不安】、【わが子の成長の実感】、【父親としての実感】の5カテゴリーが抽出された。20代前半の父親は、必然的に関わらざるを得なかった早産から1年間多くの危機を乗り越え子どもとの関係性を築いていた。とくに父親にとって実際に五感を通した子どもとの接触体験が重要であった。他方、若い父親は、早産児の育児の大変さを妻の努力を見ながら感じていながらも、このような妻への思いは言語化することに慣れていない傾向がみられた。本研究の結果、妻とのパートナーシップをサポートすること、若い父親がゆっくりと父親としての実感を得ていく過程をサポートすることが、父親と妻子の相互関係を育てていくうえで重要であることが示唆された。

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The objective of the present study was to elucidate changes in the thoughts and feelings of fathers (age, early 20s) of preterm infants during the first year of their experience as fathers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with two fathers whose first child was born preterm one year prior to the study and the data were analyzed using qualitative induction. The following five categories were identified following analysis: "state of panic due to preterm birth", "sense of relief about childbirth", "concern about the child", "actual feeling of the child's development", and "actual feeling of being a father". During their premature children's first year, fathers overcame various crises to establish relationships with their children. Contact with his child through the five senses was especially important to each father. Although young fathers felt it was difficult for their wives to take care of the premature infant, they tended to avoid expressing such thoughts to their wives. Our findings suggest that supporting relationships between fathers and their wives, and supporting the process in which young fathers gradually become aware of their roles as fathers are important for promoting interactions between fathers and their wives and children.

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コンピューターの普及、インターネット利用者の増加に伴い、欧米を中心にインターネットを調査に利用することへの関心が増加している。従来の面接・電話・郵送調査に比べ、簡便かつ迅速であるという利点が主張される一方、問題点の存在も指摘されている。しかし、国内の保健医療看護の分野ではこの新しい調査方法について体系的な報告の蓄積は少ない。そこで本稿では先行研究を参考にインターネット調査の意義や問題点について考察することを試みた。

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As the growth of people owing personal computers with access to the internet, internet survey has received increasing academic attention especially in western countries. Although existing literature has focused on the benefits of internet survey, potential problems are known to exist. In Japan, however, limited systematic review regarding this new survey method has conducted on public health and nursing areas. The purpose of this paper is to discuss benefits and potential problems of internet survey based on the previous literature.

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本研究は、外来通院でインスリン自己注射を行なっている糖尿病患者を対象に、インスリン導入時ならびに現状の課題を明らかにし、適切な指導方法の検討を行うことを目的として行った。方法は、A特定機能病院で外来通院にてインスリン自己注射を行っている1型および2型の糖尿病患者84名にアンケート調査を実施し、1）糖尿病患者の背景、2）インスリン自己注射開始時の状況、3）インスリン自己注射による糖尿病治療の現状の3項目を検討した。外来通院でインスリン自己注射を行なっている糖尿病患者は、2型が67%と1型の2倍と多く、インスリン開始時にはいずれの型においても不安を感じた人が多かった。現状の検討では、2型の半数は自己管理能低下による血糖コントロール不良例で、あった。一方、1型では血糖コントロール良好な例が多い反面、低血糖発作や糖尿病性昏睡の発生率が高いというリスクを負っていた。これらの課題を踏まえ、インスリン自己注射の指導を行う上では、心理面からのアプローチを含めて時間をかけて個々人に合った適切な指導が重要であると考えられた。

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The purposes of this study are to clarify the issues at the induction and the current state in outpatient diabetics under insulin self-injection therapy and to examine an appropriate supportive advice and guidance. A questionnaire survey was carried out to eighty-four diabetics (type 1 and 2) at the outpatient clinic in the A hospital which was certified as the specified functional hospital by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The data obtained were analyzed from following three aspects, namely 1) general characteristics of the diabetics, 2) physical and mental condition at the induction of insulin self-injection, 3) present control state of diabetes by insulin self-injection therapy. A type 2 diabetic, 67% of the patients, was twice more of type 1. It was revealed that many of the each type of diabetes felt uneasiness at the beginning of insulin selιinjection. Half of type 2 diabetics were in bad blood sugar control due to disability of self discipline. On the contrary, type 1 diabetics had higher risks for hypoglycemic episode or diabetic coma, despite many of them were in good blood sugar control. It was concluded that the appropriate supportive advice and guidance, with taking a certain time and including a psychological approach, based on the issues of each outpatient diabetic under insulin self-injection therapy was important.

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目的：産祷期における腰痛の発生状況、および腰痛が日常生活に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることである。方法：自記式質問紙法により、腰痛発生の時期、部位、および日常生活に及ぼす影響を調査し、郵送法で回収した。対象は、北海道内の4施設で分娩した祷婦で、配布数598のうち253の有効回答を得た（42.3%）。結果および考察:分娩後1週間では58.5%、1ヵ月後では55.3%と高率で、腰痛が発生していた。また、産祷期の腰痛の多くは、妊娠期からの継続的な痛みであった。痔痛の主な部位は腰背部と仙腸関節であったが、複合的で、あった。さらに、腸骨稜周囲、腰背部、仙腸関節部、および大腿部後面では時聞が経過しても痛みの発生率はほとんど改善せず持続的であったが、痛みの程度は改善傾向にあることが推察された。加えて、腰痛が日常生活に及ぼす影響は、睡眠や育児に関連する項目が多く、腰痛への対処方法として、リハビリテーションや情報提供などの新たな介入の必要性が示唆された。

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Purpose: To clarify occurrence status of low back and posterior pelvic pain and its effect on daily activities in postparturn. Method: We surveyed about time of occurrence of low back and posterior pelvic pain, sites where it occurred and its effect on daily activities by self-reported questionnaire. The data were collected by mailing methods. Object persons for the study were postpartum women who delivered babies in four facilities in Hokkaido. The authors collected 253 valid responses out of 598 questionnaire papers distributed(42.3%). Results and Discussion: Low back and posterior pelvic pain was found in 58.5% at women one week after delivery. And 55.3% at one month after the delivery. Furthermore, low back pain in postpartum was continuous pain started from pregnant period. Major sites where the pain occurred were lumbar portion of back and sacroiliac joints and it was complex pain. Morever, the occurrence rate of the pain hardly improved, and continuous in iliac crest, lumber portion of back, sacroiliac joints and rear surface of femurs. However, it guessed that the degree of the pain was an improvement tendency. Low back and posterior pelvic pain's effects on daily activities were seen in sleep and child care. This study was necessary to provide for intervention such as methods of daily activities and rehabilitation.

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Aim: In the recent years, strategies for preventing job stress related diseases have been drawing much attention, and the role of occupational health nurses is now viewed as extremely important. The objective of this study was to identify the association between self-rated health, job stress and acute stress reactions among workers. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to 434 employees working for 9 enterprises in north Japan in December, 2004. Three hundred forty seven responses were returned (response rate - 80.0%). Acute stress reactions and job stressors were measured using the NIOSH General Job Stress Questionnaire, and their association with self-rated health was analyzed. Results: In men, self-rated health had weak correlations with the three scales of acute stress reactions. In females, self-rated health had moderate correlations with depression and somatic complaints. In both men and women, no correlations were found between subjective health and the three scales of job stressors. Conclusion: Self-rated health provides important information for decreasing and preventing mental health problems in the workplace. Therefore, it should be widely used in developing occupational health strategies.

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Recently, mental health management in the work place has been an important issue for occupational health nursing. The objective of this study was to focus on occupational environment factors and identify the association of workload perception with acute stress reactions and job stressors. Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to 434 employees working for 9 enterprises in Hokkaido in December, 2004. 347 responses were returned (response rate - 80.0%) and 327 valid responses were analyzed. Acute stress reactions and job stressors were measured using the NIOSH General Job Stress Questionnaire, and their association with workload perception was analyzed. Employees' perception of being overloaded proved to be associated with depression, somatic complaints, and other acute reactions. It was also associated with job stressors such as quantitative and mental workload. Prevention of the negative influence of workload is necessary for maintaining physical and mental health of employees. Employees' workload perception provides important information on their mental health. Therefore it should be actively used in developing preventive measures for mental health problems.

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本研究は、自宅で、痛みへのセルフケアを行っているがん患者とその家族に対して、訪問看護師が行っている援助を明らかにすることを目的とした。対象は訪問看護師4名と患者・家族5組であり、訪問場面の参加観察と録音を行い、質的に分析を行った。訪問看護師の援助として、【訪問と訪問の問の痛みとその対処について焦点化し、理解する】【患者・家族と共に痛みをアセスメント・判断する】【具体的な対処を提示する】【患者・家族の痛みと痛みに関連した不安を理解し緩和する】【身体状況と疼痛緩和の現実的な目標の受け入れを患者・家族に促す】【看護師が共に痔痛緩和に関わる意思表示をする】の6つが抽出された。これらは《患者・家族の痛みへの対処能力を高める》《患者・家族の痛みとその対処への安心感の提供》という2つのコアカテゴリーを形成し、この2つの援助は、相互に関連しながら行われていると考えられた。

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the nursing support provided by visiting nurses for cancer patients and their families engaged in in-home, self-care for pain management. Data was collected through the participant-observation method of the nursing situations in the patients' homes. Participants included four visiting nurses, five patients with cancer pain and their families. The support provided was composed of the following six categories: "focusing and recognizing patient's pain and self-care when the nurse does not visit the patient's home", "assessing the patient's pain with the patients and his or her family", "proposingpain management methods to the patient and his or her family", "understanding and defusing anxiety about pain and items related to pain", "intervention to realize the patient's state and to accept the patient's goals for pain management", and "expressing to manage the patient's pain together". These 6 categories were formulated two core categories: "developing the patient and his or her family's ability for selfcare of pain management", and "encouraging the patient and their family to manage independently". These two core categories are related to each other.

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本研究の目的は、一定の地域に位置づき、がん医療を提供する病院で化学療法を受けるがん患者・家族にケアを実践する看護師が、ケアする上でどのような困難を感じているか、またそれらに対しどのような対処をしているかを明らかにすることである。研究方法は、S大学病院（特定機能病院）の看護師31名に、半構成的質問紙を用いてデータを収集し、質的に分析した。結果として、看護師が困難と感じていた10項目を得た。その中で最も件数が多いのは、【化学療法に伴う症状への対応が不十分】であった。また、困難への対処では13項目を得た。最も件数が多いのは、【副作用対策のための工夫の実施】で、あった。看護師は患者・家族のQOL（生活の質）向上のため日々努力しているが、看護師の困難は今日の化学療法に特有の不確かな状況や患者のセルフケア能力を高めることを難しくする条件などから生じると考えられた。

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The purpose of this study is to describe nurse's difficulty and coping in caring for cancer patients and their family during chemotherapy at a hospital (in-patient, out-patients) located within the cornmunity setting. The participants were thirty one nurses who care for in-patients and their family during chemotherapy for cancer. The data were collected through for the semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed inductively for the theme. As a result, nurse's difficulty identified as ten themes such as "inadequate to care for patients with symptoms reacting to chemotherapy for cancer", "difficulty of patient education for patients with cognitive deficit" and coping for them identified as thirteen themes such as "implementing devices for caring for cancer patients" "implementing orientation before chemotherapy for cancer". With recent advances in technology of cancer treatment developing, it is difficult for nurse to care for cancer patients and their family during current chemotherapy, and to deal with multiple problems for their situation or condition.

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【研究目的】第1報の結果より、マンシェット装着過程において重要である「ゴム嚢の固定」について、臨床経験のある看護師の動作から特徴を明らかにし、今後の教育方法の示唆を得ることを目的とした。【研究方法】臨床経験のある看護師7名がマンシェットを装着する動作を撮影し、その画像から動作を詳細に記述した。記述内容は類似性に基づき分類し、比較分析した。【結果・考察】ゴム嚢の固定動作は、時間経過により3ステップに分けることができた。さらに、使っている手の部位とゴム嚢の位置関係から、各ステップは2・3・4パターンに分類された。全ステップにおいて、常に手のいずれかの部位でゴム嚢を固定していた。また、上腕に接する支持面積を広く取って、ゴム嚢固定の安定性を保持していると考えられた。今後の教育方法に関しては、動作を言語化して伝えることと、施行方法には多様性があることを伝えていくことが重要であると考えられた。

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to clarify characteristics of the fixation of bladder from the motion of wrapping the cuff practiced by nurses and to get the suggestion of education methods. Methods: It took picture that the motion of wrapping the cuff practiced by 7 nurses in digital video camera, and the motions were described in detail from that image. The descriptions were c1assified by resemblance. Results and Discussion: The motions of fixing the bladder were classified in 3 steps with the time progress. In addition, each step were classified in 2, 3 and 4 patterns from the part of hands and the position of bladder. In the all steps, part of hands fixed always the bladder. Moreover, it held the stability of fixing the bladder to take the support area which touched an upper arm widely. In the point of education methods, it was important to explain that instructors indicate to cast the motions into words and the variety of methods.

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【研究目的】看護師が実践するマンシェット装着の動作プロセスを明らかにすることとした。【研究方法】看護師7名を対象とし、マンシェット装着を3回実施することを依頼し、その実施状況を撮影した。その画像をもとに、詳細に対象者の動作プロセスを記述した。その後、比較分析を繰り返し、共通要素を帰納的に抽出した。【結果・考察】6段階の共通動作段階が抽出された。第1段階：「上腕動脈の位置を確認する」、第2段階：「マンシェットを持ち、上腕に当てる」、第3段階：「ゴム嚢を固定する」、第4段階：「上腕に添わせながらマンシェットを巻きつつ、ゴム嚢を固定している指をずらし、はずすとしいう両手の連続動作」、第5段階：「マンシェットを固定する」、第6段階：「マンシェットの緩みを確認する」で、あった。特に、第3段階及び第4段階で抽出されたゴム嚢の位置を固定すること、上腕に添わせるように巻くことが重要であると考えられた。

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Purpose: The purpose of study is to clarify the process of motion in wrapping the cuff by nurses. Methods: The sample consisted of 7 nurses. They practiced wrapping the cuff three times and were taped practicing process of the situation. The authors described their motions in detail on the video image, repeated those comparison analysis. The common elements were inductively extracted. Results and Discussion: Common 6 motion steps were extracted. These steps are: Step 1; Palpate the brachial artery Step 2; Have the cuff, and put on the upper arm Step 3; Fix the bladder of the cuff Step 4; Continuous actions of both hands that shift and remove the fingers fixing the bladder of the cuff, while the cuff is wrapped around the upper arm Step 5; Fix the cuff Step 6; Confirm the looseness of the cuff Particularly, it considered to be important that it was wrapped around the upper arm and fixed the position of the bladder of the cuff extracted in the third step and the fourth step.

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Introduction: Most of the medical care children are to receive is determined by their parents. Information to be provided for children themselves is understood by their parents beforehand, and is then chosen and given by medical employees in consideration of children's age, development stage, treatment and care. However, survey on information provided by medical employees, have never been reported. We, therefore, studied the orientation on hospitalization, treatment and operation as information provided for children to understand the present condition in Japan. Methods: 1) We made the questionnaire about the orientation for children to send by mail 2) We studied the orientation given for children at 130 wards of 63 facilities, such as university hospitals containing children's wards and children's hospitals which answered the questionnaire. Results: 1) The orientation for children themselves on hospitalization, treatment and operation is given in 121 wards (99%). 2) The orientation is given not only by nurses in charge but also various specialists. 3) A lot answered that the purposes of the orientation are to gain cooperative attitude for safe and easy hospitalization, treatment and operation and to gain mental preparation. As for the age of the children and the best time for the orientation, several tendencies are shown depending on the purpose of the orientation. 4) Most orientations are given verbally. Most materials such as pamphlets are written for adults and parents, while few audiovisual materials such as VCRs or picture books are prepared or used. Consequently, it has been revealed that the orientation for children in the field of child nursing is widespread. However, materials or the way of giving orientation meeting their development stage or the ability of their understanding have never sufficiently developed and, therefore, improvement at the stage of giving information is required.

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近年、わが国では喀痰吸引などの医療行為の一部を介護福祉士やホームヘルパー等に容認する動きがみられる。このような動きは、在宅ALS患者をはじめとした在宅医療を必要とする患者への生活の質を向上させる可能性を包含するとともに、提供される行為の質と安全の保障上の問題が危惧される。わが国と同様、深刻な看護師不足にあるオーストラリアで、無資格看護者へのDelegation（業務委託）が看護行為の一部として、また、看護師不足問題を解決する一つの可能性として認められている例を紹介し、日本との相違点を視座に入れて検討した。

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Recently in Japan, a part of medical procedure such as suctioning of sputum has been discussed in that unregulated care providers should be allowed to suction patients suffering from ALS and similar disorders who are home care based. This has a potential to improve quality of life of the patients, but the potential risk of harm to the patients due to lack of training of unregulated care providers may increase. Australia, like Japan, has a shortage of qualified nursing staff; therefore, delegating tasks to unregulated care providers would be a part of nursing care. However, due to the diffrences of health systems in both countries, it would require comprehensive adjustment in Japan; delegation has a possibility to provide a solution for the lack of qualified nurses. This paper analyses legal, economical, and ethical issues regarding unregulated care providers performing invasive procedures, and concluded that the issues relating to appropriateness of care for delegation for unregulated care providers, RN/Midwife's preparedness deciding tasks for delegation, and education for unregulated care providers and their responsibilities must be addressed before the application of the concept of delegation in Japan.

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本研究の目的は、定期健康診断のメンタルへノレス問診票の活用実態を明らかにし、事業所で使用しているメンタルヘルス問診票の妥当性を検討することである。北海道内の事業所101ヶ所を対象にメンタルヘルス問診票の活用状況について自記式質問紙による郵送調査を行い、協力の得られた9事業所に勤務する職員434名を対象に現行問診票の妥当性を評価するために自記式質問紙による郵送調査を行った。日本語版NIOSH職業性ストレス調査票の6つの尺度を外的基準として、現行問診票の妥当性を分析した。問診票を使用していた事業所は、35.7%で、そのうち84.0%は事業所で独自に作成した問診票で、あった。現行問診票は、ストレス反応である抑うつについては男女ともかなりの相関がありストレス反応をよく反映していた。しかし、仕事の量的・精神的負荷や対人関係などのストレス要因については事業所によって違いはあるが十分反映されてはいなかった。

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Objective: To identify the contents and application methods of medical questionnaires on mental health used in regular medical examinations for employees' mental health assessment, and examine their validity. Methods: Self-administered surveys concerning presently used medical questionnaires on mental health were mailed to 101 enterprises in Hokkaido. Next, self-administered surveys were mailed to 434 employees working for 9 enterprises in Hokkaido to assess the validity of four types of presently used medical questionnaires. Six scales from the Japanese Version of the NIOSH General Job Stress Questionnaire were used as an extemal validity standard. Correlation analysis of subjects was conducted to examine correlations with presently used medical questionnaires. Results and discussion: 35.7% of enterprises were using medical questionnaires in regular medical examinations. 84.0% of the enterprises used questionnaires of their own. Presently used questionnaires proved to have average correlations to depression scale. While job stressors such as job demands, job load, intergroup conflict didn't show very correlations, though there is a difference by enterprises.

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目的：本研究の目的は、先進医療である再生医療の現状を把握し、再生医療を受ける今後の患者に対するケアの課題を検討することである。方法：2名の閉塞性動脈硬化症（ASO）患者に行われた自家末梢血幹細胞移植（PBSCT）療法と看護の実際を観察すると同時に、担当医、看護師、患者に直接聞き取り調査を行い、今後PBSCTを受ける患者へのケアのあり方を考察した。結果および考察：PBSCTにおける留意点として、G-CSF投与による副作用、末梢血幹細胞採取や多数の筋肉注射における合併症の熟知が必要と考えられ、副作用や合併症の発現を予防すると共に、十分な観察のもとこれらを早期発見する必要性が示唆された。患者・家族に対して、医師は期待される治療効果と起こりうる副作用について説明し［インフォームドコンセント（IC）］、看護師は必要に応じてIC内容の補足説明や再度のICの機会を設けるよう調整していた。患者らはIC内容を十分理解し得るようになっていたが、治療効果に期待する反面、治療効果がみられないかもしれない点に不安をもっていた。従って、医師・看護師は患者・家族へ正確な情報提供・ICと継続的な精神的支援を行うことが重要である。

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Objective: The purpose of this research is to understand the current state of angiogenetic blood stem cell transplantation and to consider the issues of caring patients who will have a treatrnent of regenerative medicine. Methods: Details of the autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) therapy to the two patients who were sufferingfrom arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO), were observed precisely. Direct interviews to the physician in charge, the nurces in charge and the patients who received the treatrnent, were carried out to clarify the issues to be considered in caring the patients who undergo regenerative medical treatments in the future. Results and Discussion: Management in nursing care of PBSCT included side effectsin use of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), complications at the peripheral blood stem cell collection and at the intramuscular multiple injections of stem cells. The patients comprehended well the informed consent (IC) which was provided by the physician in charge, however, they felt the anxiety day by day for no therapeutic gain. Therefore, it is important that health care professionals have to provide accurate medical information, IC to a patient and have to support a patient consistently from a mental aspect.

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本研究の目的は、高度医療を担う大学病院において看護師長が遭遇する倫理的問題の実態と、その対応や教育ニーズへの認識を明らかにすることである。研究方法は、入院病棟を管理する看護師長46名を対象とし、「ETHICS and HUMAN RIGHTS in NURSING PRACTICE」 (S.T. FRY & NEN. 1997) を用いた質問紙法である。この結果、多くの看護師長が体験し、悩んでいる問題として「看護師の充足状況」の問題が挙げられた。診療報酬制度によって定められた看護配置と大学病院という急性期病棟のスタッフナースがおかれている多忙な状況の間で、看護師長の独力では解決出来ない問題に苦悩していた。また、倫理的問題の対処の際には、主治医との協力が有効であると認識しているが、同時に医師との対立があることも頻繁に体験しており、問題解決へ向けての十分な相互理解をはかる必要性が示唆された。長い臨床経験の中で看護師長は倫理に関して学習し知識を深めながらも、倫理に関する教育の必要性に高い認識を示した。以上の結果から、看護師長は倫理的問題の解決は困難であるが、その重要性を認識し、努力を続けていることが示された。

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The aims of the present study were to identify the ethical issues that head nurses have encountered in practice at university hospitals that provide technologically advanced medical treatment, to clarify how the nurses handled these ethical issues, and to determine the extent to which they require ethics education. Survey instrument; a questionnaire was used. It was based on the survey tool, "Ethics and Human Rights in Nursing Practice" (Fry ST & NEN. 1997). Respondents included 46 head nurses who managed inpatient wards at three university hospitals. The following results were obtained. Respondents most frequently experienced and have been most deeply troubled with "insufficient nursing staff". Therefore, respondents were troubled by ethical issues that could not be solved by themselves between the staff nurses' situation and the health care system. Many respondents recognized that nurses and physicians have to be cooperative in solving ethical issues, however the respondents also experienced frequently "conflicts in the nurse-physician relationship". From these results, it is said that nurses and physicians are required to understand mutually in order to solve ethical issues. Although head nurses have learned nursing ethics throughout their careers, they believe that they require ethics education more. These findings also suggest that, despite the inherent difficulty, it is important to solve ethical issues.

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Introduction: To maintain good QOL of mothers is important for their children's mental and physical development. However, it is sometimes difficult for mothers with sick children to maintain their own QOL, because of the difficult management of their children's daily lives. We, therefore, investigated the QOL of mothers having hospitalized and ambulatory children. Methods: 1. Subjects: Fifty-five mothers of from 0 to 6-year-old children: 42 with children hospitalized in a university hospital and 13 with ambulatory children. 2. Research period: From August to September 2003. 3. Research methods: We used the QUIK-R, a self-completed questionnaire for Quality of Life Revised by Iida and Kohashi, and questionnaires on factors which affect the QOL of mothers. Results: 1) The average scores of QUIK-R, the presence of sick children's siblings, and the age of mothers showed no significant differences between inpatient and outpatient groups. 2) The distribution of total scores for QUIK of both the inpatient and outpatient groups were "slightly poor" according to a six-tiered rating scale. 3) The QUIK-R scores of mothers showed no significant differences depending on the age of inpatient children, period of hospitalization, and ward for inpatients. 4) Mothers with sick children had poorer QUIK-R scores than those with healthy children. 5) It was found that, when children are hospitalized for a long time, mothers devise means of obtaining happiness and amusement although their physical fatigue is not eased. Conclusion: The QOL of mothers with sick children was apt to be poor compared to that of mothers with healthy children. Therefore, it is important for nurses to develop a system to support children's families and medical service workers to decrease physical, mental and social stresses of mothers in hospitals and at home.

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本研究の目的は、看護過程の理論的枠組みと実践の統合を目指した帰納的な教授方略の効果を明らかにすることである。授業の展開；1年次、学生は右半身麻痺のある事例に、技術を実践して、ロールプレイをし、VTRを作成した。また技術が対象者にとって安全・安楽であったかを客観的に評価した。2年次、学生はこの学習を想起し、看護過程の理論的枠組みについてグループワークをした。研究対象；本看護学科2年次の学生80名。研究方法；授業評価アンケートを実施し、度数分布を算出した。また学生に、授業から理解できたことについてレポートを記述してもらった。その内容を類似する内容に分類してカテゴリを抽出した。結果・考察；アンケートの結果、80%以上の学生が授業は有益であったと回答していた。レポートでは、【実践をもとにした理論の理解】【看護過程と各理論の関連性】【理論をもとにした実践の評価】【看護過程と相互作用・コミュニケーションの関連性】の4つのカテゴリが抽出された。以上から、帰納的な教授方略は、理論と実践の統合を深める点で有効であったと考えられた。

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Purpose; The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of the inductive learning strategy that aims at the integration of the theoretical framework for nursing process and practice. Class structure; First-year nursing students role-played simulations involving a case of right hemicorpus paralysis. They practiced skills they had already learned and taped their group's demonstrations, then evaluated them objectively. In second year they continued their studies into the theoretical framework of nursing process through group work. Methods; The sample consisted of 80 second-grade nursing students from a junior college. The students reported their understanding obtained through the class. Those contents were classified by similarities of contents and categorized. The authors reviewed the class evaluation questionnaire and calculated the frequency distribution of each item. Results and discussion; From the contents of the reports, the following four categories were obtained. 1.Relation between nursing process and each theory, 2.Understanding of theory based on practice, 3.Evaluation of practice based on theory, 4.Relation between nursing process, interaction and communication. In the questionnaire, more than 80 percent of the students answered that the class was useful. The authors therefore consider that the inductive learning strategy was effective in deepening integration between theory and practice.

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近年、ストレス対策は産業保健上の重要な課題になっている。本研究は、ラインによるケアを支援するために管理監督者が心の健康問題を持つ労働者への対応について困難を感じていることを明らかにすることを目的とした。対象は、道内の某事業所で2000年から2003年に27回開催されたメンタルヘルス研修会に参加した管理監督者延798名である。研修会で参加者が発言した内容を記録した事業報告書の記述内容を分析した。発言内容を類似する内容に分類してカテゴリーを抽出した。管理監督者が困難を感じていた内容として、心の健康問題の理解では「精神疾患の理解」「職員の病態像の理解」の2つ、心の健康問題を持つ職員への対応では「職員自身への対応」「同僚への働きかけ」「家族との関わり方」「主治医との連携」の4つのカテゴリーが抽出された。産業看護職は、管理監督者が困難を感じていることを理解してラインによるケアを支援する必要がある。

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In recent years, the stress management and coping with stress in the workplace have become an important subject. The purpose of this research was to identify the difficulties that administrators have had in caring for workers with mental disorders in order for occupational health nurses to support administrators. The research subjects were 798 administrators who participated in seminars organized by occupational health nurses in a workplace, which were held for administrators to learn about mental health care 27 times total in the 2000-2003 in Hokkaido. The Contents which participants spoke in the seminars were recorded by the organizers each time. Those contents were classified by similarities of concepts and categorized. In relation to knowledge of mental disorders, the following two were categorized. 1. Knowledge of mental diseases, 2. Understanding the workers with mental disorders themselves. Four were categorized about care for workers with mental disorders. 1. Care for patients in the workplace, 2. Care for coworkers, 3. Relation to patient's family, 4. Cooperation with patient's physician. This research showed that occupational health nurses should understand the difficulties that administrators have in caring for workers with mental disorders in order to support administrators.

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In the field of pediatric medical care in our country, it has never been clear what was explained by medical employees to children and how the children accepted it. On this survey, interviews were carried out with nine male and female patients (from age 14 to 35) who fell ill with IDDM(Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) in their childhood (younger than the age of 15) and who have come to hospital regularly. Questions were focused on these patients' memories of how they were informed of their conditions in their childhood, and what they should do to deal with it, to research how informed consent was conducted and how they recognized it in their earlier years. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Informed consent concerning the name of the disease, the condition of the disease, and treatment had never been conducted for children themselves when they fell ill with IDDM. 2. Life managements for IDDM patients, such as blood sugar measurement, insulin injections, urine sugar analysis, and diet cures, have been explained and taught since their younger ages whenever they fell ill with the disease. 3. Now as adults, recalling informed consent in their childhood, they all recognized the need of explanation to children themselves. 4. Their requests to medical employees in case of informed consent all concerned having suitable strategies of explanations of the disease and explanations of methods to deal with the disease in day-to-day living, for each according to personal need, in regard to factors such as age which would affect their ability to understand.

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Over the last 3-4 decades the roles of nurses have been changing and expanding, so that now they include duties in advanced hospitals and home-care. The trends in law cases and the amendments made to The Medical Act and the licensure for CNS in Japan have both been indications of these changing laws. These expanding responsibilities mean that nurses have needed, and will continue to need, to learn new skills in nursing and in the administration of machines. The nursing staff’s responsibilities will continue to grow heavier, with new fields of responsibility added, following the changes in medical technology and situations. The author has used the analysis of six recent malpractice law cases to discover the direction in which nursing roles will continue to change. These cases highlighted two main duties in the nursing staffs role, the administration of drugs and the observation of patients.

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無脳症児は、破壊的で識別できる神経学的奇形であり、大脳半球は通常、欠損している。近年、諸外国では、移植可能な乳児の臓器不足を背景として、無脳症児の臓器の利用について議論されている。本論では、まず、無脳症児を臓器移植のドナーとして推進する立場について概説する。第1の見解は、胎児の先天奇形を理由とする人工妊娠中絶が許容されることを、その理論的根拠とする。第2の見解は、”摘出アプローチ”である。これは、生きている無脳症児を臓器提供者として利用しようとするものである。第3の見解は、”干渉アプローチ”である。これは、全脳死に至るまで、臓器の状態の悪化を回避する方法である。次に、無脳症児の臓器の利用に反対する立場について述べる。この見解は、2つの論点に集約される。すなわち、「人間の生命の尊厳」と「すべり坂論」による主張である。加えて、フロリダ最高裁の事例を紹介し、無脳症児の性質をめぐる医学的・倫理的・社会的・法的論点について検討する。

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Anencephalic infants have devastating and observable neurologic defections. The cerebral hemispheres are usually completely absent. Recently, in some foreign countries, there have been argument concerning the use from organs of anencephalic infants in the context of insufficient transplantable infant organs. This issue is concerned with the problem of whether such infants can be considered as "brain death". I outline the position that anencephalic infants are possible donors. First, This view is based on the artificial abortion by reason of congenital deformity. The second issue is concerned with "The immediate procurement approach". This approach alters current law in order to allow organ donations from live-born anencephalic infants. And the final issue is "The intervention approach". This approach helps maintain organ stability in anencephalic infants until they come to "whole-brain death" Next, I explain the argument against the use of organs from anencephalic infants. This position is epitomized by two issues the dignity of human life and "The slippery-slope arguments". In addition, I discuss a case held in the Florida Supreme Court. Finally, I consider the medical, ethical, social and legal issues concerning the nature of anencephalic infants.