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形容詞の「ク形」を辞書に載せるべきか
バックハウス, アンソニー・E
Permalink : http://hdl.handle.net/2115/45673
KEYWORDS : 形容詞と副詞;派生;日本語学習辞書
Abstract
本稿は、「フランスに長く住んでいた人」の「長く」のように、動詞を修飾しその動詞が指し示す動作・出来事の様態を表す「ク形」をどう捉えるべきかを考察するものである。このような「ク形」を形容詞（長い）の一用法と捉える見方がある一方、形容詞から派生した副詞（長く）と捉える見方がある。前者は活用の問題として、後者は派生として見る見方である。一般に派生は、生産性及び意味・用法の透明性において、活用よりも不規則であると考えられている。本稿ではこの観点から、新聞コーパスを利用し、18の基本的形容詞に関して、「ク形」のあり方を調べた。今回のコーパスでは、18語中9語の「ク形」について不規則性が見られ、生産されないものが1語、対応する形容詞からは意味・用法が予想できないものが8語であった。この結果は、「ク形」が不規則な要素をかなり多く含んでいることを示唆し、日本語の辞書、特に産出についての記述も要求される学習者用の辞書において、より広く「ク形」を個別に取り上げる必要性があることを示すものと言えよう。
This paper considers the status of forms such as nagaku in Furansu ni nagaku sunde ita hito, where a form identical to the-ku form of an adjective describes the manner of the action or event denoted by the verb. Some regard this as simply one use of an adjective (NAGAI), whereas others see it as involving a de-adjectival derived adverb (NAGAKU) as a distinct word. The first view thus treats this use as a matter of inflection, the second as a case of derivation. Derivation is generally seen as being less regular than inflection, in terms of both productivity (i.e. 'gaps' occur) and semantic transparency (i.e. unpredictable changes of meaning and use occur), and in principle any such irregularities call for treatment as separate items in dictionaries. This paper uses a newspaper corpus to examine the behaviour of -ku forms relating to 18 basic adjectives from this perspective. For the corpus employed, the findings indicate that 9 of the -ku forms examined show significant irregularities, either through non-occurrence in this use (1 item: samuku) or through semantic unpredictability compared with the corresponding adjective (8 items: chiisaku, mijikaku, furuku, yoku, karuku, ureshiku, osoku, sukunaku). This result lends support to the derivational view, and points to the need for more extensive incorporation of -ku forms as adverbs in dictionaries, particularly for learners of Japanese, who need guidance for natural production as well as for comprehension in this area.
This paper considers the status of forms such as nagaku in Furansu ni nagaku sunde ita hito, where a form identical to the-ku form of an adjective describes the manner of the action or event denoted by the verb. Some regard this as simply one use of an adjective (NAGAI), whereas others see it as involving a de-adjectival derived adverb (NAGAKU) as a distinct word. The first view thus treats this use as a matter of inflection, the second as a case of derivation. Derivation is generally seen as being less regular than inflection, in terms of both productivity (i.e. 'gaps' occur) and semantic transparency (i.e. unpredictable changes of meaning and use occur), and in principle any such irregularities call for treatment as separate items in dictionaries. This paper uses a newspaper corpus to examine the behaviour of -ku forms relating to 18 basic adjectives from this perspective. For the corpus employed, the findings indicate that 9 of the -ku forms examined show significant irregularities, either through non-occurrence in this use (1 item: samuku) or through semantic unpredictability compared with the corresponding adjective (8 items: chiisaku, mijikaku, furuku, yoku, karuku, ureshiku, osoku, sukunaku). This result lends support to the derivational view, and points to the need for more extensive incorporation of -ku forms as adverbs in dictionaries, particularly for learners of Japanese, who need guidance for natural production as well as for comprehension in this area.
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