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Japanese species of Osmylus were recognized: O. (O.) pryeri McLachlan, 1875, O. (O.) hyalinatus McLachlan, 1875 and O. (O.) decoratus Nakahara, 1914. One species of the subgenus Plesiosmylus Makarkin, O. (P.) tessellatus McLachlan, 1875 was recognized. All Japanese species of Osmylus were redescribed and illustrated but O. kisoensis Iwara, 1928, which is known only from a larva to date, was not treated here. A key to the Japanese species of the genus is provided. In Appendix, two new combinations were proposed for two Chinese species, O. atomatus (Yang, 1988) and O. zheanus (Yang & Liu, 2001)(both originally assigned in the genus Plethosmylus Kruger).