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歴史的トラウマ概念のアイヌ研究への導入を探る
北原, モコットゥナシ
Permalink : http://hdl.handle.net/2115/80884
JaLCDOI : 10.14943/97140
KEYWORDS : アイヌ民族;アイヌ政策;スティグマ;歴史的トラウマ
Abstract
本稿では、先住民研究において重要な知見を提供してきた歴史的トラウマ概念を取り上げ、アイヌ民族研究における有効性を考える。現代のアイヌ民族の文化状況は、近代のそれとは大きく変化し、偏見や差別を引き起こす文化的差は減少してきていると考えられる。その反面、民族性の違いに起因する疎外感やアウティング（属性の暴露）に対する恐怖といった状況はそれほど変化しておらず、それがアイヌのとしての自己肯定感を持ちにくい状況を生んでいる。歴史的トラウマと、スティグマの概念を導入することによって、こうした状況の説明が可能になる。 次に、トラウマを可視化することと、その解消が研究上・政策上の課題であることを述べる。従来のアイヌ政策では、こうした悲嘆・トラウマの存在やその治癒が意識されないか、軽視され、もっぱら文化振興に重心がおかれてきた。文化の喪失とトラウマは、連動してはいるけれども完全には重ならず、文化を回復すれば差別による問題も解消するわけではない。今後の政策においては、文化復興とは別にトラウマの解消に取り組むこと、その際、他の差別やハラスメントにおける加害防止プログラムなどを参照すべきことを提言する。
This paper reviews the concept of historical trauma, which has provided important insights in indigenous studies, and examines its application to Ainu studies. The present-day cultural situation of the Ainu people has changed dramatically from that previously in the modern age, and the cultural divide that has caused prejudice and discrimination against them is considered to have narrowed. Even so, Ainu continue to feel a sense of alienation due to their ethnic differences and fear outing themselves (i.e., exposing their ethnicity), making it difficult for them to increase their sense of self-esteem as Ainu. The introduction of the concepts of historical trauma and stigma makes it possible to spell out these situations.This paper then discusses how visualizing and healing trauma is a challenge in Ainu studies and Ainu policy. Heretofore, the Ainu policy of the government has focused entirely on cultural promotion, paying no attention or giving short shrift to their grief and trauma and to their need for healing. The loss of culture and trauma are closely related, but do not always overlap. That is, cultural revival does not solve the problem of discrimination. In future Ainu policy, I propose that, separately from cultural promotion, the government eliminate trauma by referring to programs designed to prevent other discrimination and harassment.
This paper reviews the concept of historical trauma, which has provided important insights in indigenous studies, and examines its application to Ainu studies. The present-day cultural situation of the Ainu people has changed dramatically from that previously in the modern age, and the cultural divide that has caused prejudice and discrimination against them is considered to have narrowed. Even so, Ainu continue to feel a sense of alienation due to their ethnic differences and fear outing themselves (i.e., exposing their ethnicity), making it difficult for them to increase their sense of self-esteem as Ainu. The introduction of the concepts of historical trauma and stigma makes it possible to spell out these situations.This paper then discusses how visualizing and healing trauma is a challenge in Ainu studies and Ainu policy. Heretofore, the Ainu policy of the government has focused entirely on cultural promotion, paying no attention or giving short shrift to their grief and trauma and to their need for healing. The loss of culture and trauma are closely related, but do not always overlap. That is, cultural revival does not solve the problem of discrimination. In future Ainu policy, I propose that, separately from cultural promotion, the government eliminate trauma by referring to programs designed to prevent other discrimination and harassment.
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