open access

https://doi.org/10.14943/106650

https://hdl.handle.net/2115/89073

Auxiliary Verbs Following the Main Verb ǰaa- ‘to rain’ in Kyrgyz : Grammatical Meanings and Characteristics of the 21 Auxiliary Verbs

日本語

文法的な意味

2023-03-20

Japan Association of Northern Language Studies

Northern Language Studies

13

61-76

In this study, example sentences where ǰaa- ‘to rain’ was the main verb, were collected for analysis. This verb describes the movement of natural phenomena in the Kyrgyz language. The grammatical meaning of each auxiliary verb was checked and then comprehensively analysed and discussed, with a focus on the syntactic and morphological conditions (such as adverbial equivalent phrase, subject, predicate form). The results revealed the following. First, regarding the co-occurring converb ǰaay, the auxiliary verbs indicating the end phase of the falling motion, such as for rain or snow, did not appear; only auxiliary verbs indicating the beginning phase and duration appeared. In terms of subjects, ǰamgïr ‘rain’, ǰaan ‘rain’, and kar ‘snow’ appeared, with no noticeable bias. However, as there were only a few instances of the co-occurring converb ǰaay in the survey, these results are insufficient and require further investigation. Second, regarding the co-occurring converb ǰaap, various auxiliary verbs appeared to indicate the beginning, continuation, and end of the falling movement, such as for rain and snow. In other words, the beginning phase of the falling movement was represented by four auxiliary verbs, the continuation phase by three auxiliary verbs, and the end phase by ten auxiliary verbs. The survey also revealed that the auxiliary verbs ǰür- ‘to move’ and al- ‘to take’ did not follow ǰaa- ‘to rain’. In terms of subjects, the auxiliary verbs sal- ‘put in’ and tašta- ‘throw away’ were not used in the case of ǰaan ‘rain’, but only in the case of kar ‘snow’. The use of the auxiliary verb öt- ‘to pass’ was also characterised by the use of ötkün ‘evening shower’ and möndür ‘hail’. Finally, it was observed that each auxiliary verb co-occurred with many types of equivalent adverbial phrases, and there was a rich variety of adverbial and equivalent adverbial phrases for describing the movement of natural phenomena. In some cases, auxiliary verbs did not create grammatical meaning on their own; they created grammatical meaning only when co-occurring with certain equivalent adverbial phrases (for example, čïk- ‘to go out’, otur- ‘to sit’). These findings indicate that auxiliary verbs and equivalent adverbial phrases are inseparable and sometimes a prerequisite.

紀要論文

Version of Record

2185-7121

AA12516968