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無脳症児をめぐる医学的・倫理的・社会的・法的諸問題
平塚, 志保
Permalink : http://hdl.handle.net/2115/35412
JaLCDOI : 10.14943/33831
KEYWORDS : Anencephalic infants;Donor;Organ;Transplant;Ethical issue;無脳症児;ドナー;臓器;移植;倫理
Abstract
無脳症児は、破壊的で識別できる神経学的奇形であり、大脳半球は通常、欠損している。近年、諸外国では、移植可能な乳児の臓器不足を背景として、無脳症児の臓器の利用について議論されている。本論では、まず、無脳症児を臓器移植のドナーとして推進する立場について概説する。第1の見解は、胎児の先天奇形を理由とする人工妊娠中絶が許容されることを、その理論的根拠とする。第2の見解は、”摘出アプローチ”である。これは、生きている無脳症児を臓器提供者として利用しようとするものである。第3の見解は、”干渉アプローチ”である。これは、全脳死に至るまで、臓器の状態の悪化を回避する方法である。次に、無脳症児の臓器の利用に反対する立場について述べる。この見解は、2つの論点に集約される。すなわち、「人間の生命の尊厳」と「すべり坂論」による主張である。加えて、フロリダ最高裁の事例を紹介し、無脳症児の性質をめぐる医学的・倫理的・社会的・法的論点について検討する。
Anencephalic infants have devastating and observable neurologic defections. The cerebral hemispheres are usually completely absent. Recently, in some foreign countries, there have been argument concerning the use from organs of anencephalic infants in the context of insufficient transplantable infant organs. This issue is concerned with the problem of whether such infants can be considered as "brain death". I outline the position that anencephalic infants are possible donors. First, This view is based on the artificial abortion by reason of congenital deformity. The second issue is concerned with "The immediate procurement approach". This approach alters current law in order to allow organ donations from live-born anencephalic infants. And the final issue is "The intervention approach". This approach helps maintain organ stability in anencephalic infants until they come to "whole-brain death" Next, I explain the argument against the use of organs from anencephalic infants. This position is epitomized by two issues the dignity of human life and "The slippery-slope arguments". In addition, I discuss a case held in the Florida Supreme Court. Finally, I consider the medical, ethical, social and legal issues concerning the nature of anencephalic infants.
Anencephalic infants have devastating and observable neurologic defections. The cerebral hemispheres are usually completely absent. Recently, in some foreign countries, there have been argument concerning the use from organs of anencephalic infants in the context of insufficient transplantable infant organs. This issue is concerned with the problem of whether such infants can be considered as "brain death". I outline the position that anencephalic infants are possible donors. First, This view is based on the artificial abortion by reason of congenital deformity. The second issue is concerned with "The immediate procurement approach". This approach alters current law in order to allow organ donations from live-born anencephalic infants. And the final issue is "The intervention approach". This approach helps maintain organ stability in anencephalic infants until they come to "whole-brain death" Next, I explain the argument against the use of organs from anencephalic infants. This position is epitomized by two issues the dignity of human life and "The slippery-slope arguments". In addition, I discuss a case held in the Florida Supreme Court. Finally, I consider the medical, ethical, social and legal issues concerning the nature of anencephalic infants.
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