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テンスの「た」とアスペクトの「た」
山下, 好孝
Permalink : http://hdl.handle.net/2115/45642
KEYWORDS : テンス;アスペクト;のだ文;指示詞
Abstract
本稿は、日本語教育におけるテンスとアスペクトの導入で、これまで留意されなかった点を指摘する。動詞「た」形にはテンスとアスペクトの両方の機能が認められる。それが疑問文に用いられ、答えの文で否定形が現れる際、テンスとしての「過去」、アスペクトしての「完了」の解釈が顕在化する。従来は過去の一時点を示す時の副詞と共起する場合、および当該事態が過ぎ去ったこととして解釈される場合は、過去否定形「～なかった・～ませんでした」が使われるとされてきた。しかし、二人の外国人の日本語学習者がそれに対して疑問を呈した。過去を示す副詞と共起する場合でも、これらの形式が使われず、「～ていません・～てないです」というような形式が否定の答えに現れると報告している。上記の報告をデータとして、「過去否定形」が生起する条件を考祭した。そして話し手と聞き手の間に「過去の場の共有」が存在することが、過去形の生起の引き金になると結論づけた。
The Japanese TA form has two functions: marking tense and aspect. When the TA form appears with past time adverbs, it implies past tense. On the other hand, when it appears with aspectual adverbs like MOU or MADA, it implies aspectual meanings. 1) Kinou Otaru-ni itta. 2) Mou Otaru-ni itta. The negative forms of tense marking TA and aspect marking TA are said to be NAKATTA and -TE INAI respectively. 3) Kinou Otaru-ni ikanakatta. 4) Mada Otaru-ni itteinai. But two foreign graduate students at Hokkaido University reported that this rule is often invalid in daily conversation: 5) Kinou osake-wo nomimashita-ka? 6) lie, ? nomimasendeshita / nondeimasen / ?? nomanakattadesu. / nondenaidesu. In this article I propose one condition on the appropriate use of the NAKATTA / MASENDESHITA forms, and conclude that these forms are possible only when a past context is shared by both the speaker and the hearer in the conversation. I also mentioned the correlation between the past context and the A series demonstratives, which imply shared knowledge between the speaker and the heaer. Finally I comment on the appearance of the NODA construction in past tense sentences.
The Japanese TA form has two functions: marking tense and aspect. When the TA form appears with past time adverbs, it implies past tense. On the other hand, when it appears with aspectual adverbs like MOU or MADA, it implies aspectual meanings. 1) Kinou Otaru-ni itta. 2) Mou Otaru-ni itta. The negative forms of tense marking TA and aspect marking TA are said to be NAKATTA and -TE INAI respectively. 3) Kinou Otaru-ni ikanakatta. 4) Mada Otaru-ni itteinai. But two foreign graduate students at Hokkaido University reported that this rule is often invalid in daily conversation: 5) Kinou osake-wo nomimashita-ka? 6) lie, ? nomimasendeshita / nondeimasen / ?? nomanakattadesu. / nondenaidesu. In this article I propose one condition on the appropriate use of the NAKATTA / MASENDESHITA forms, and conclude that these forms are possible only when a past context is shared by both the speaker and the hearer in the conversation. I also mentioned the correlation between the past context and the A series demonstratives, which imply shared knowledge between the speaker and the heaer. Finally I comment on the appearance of the NODA construction in past tense sentences.
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