Permalink : http://hdl.handle.net/2115/56853

KEYWORDS : Sandalwood;gene diversity;flowering characters;pollination mechanisms;ex-situ gene conservation

This research is a part of the long term research on sandalwood improvement strategy based on gene conservation approaches, focused on gene diversity and flowering characteristics of seven sandalwood provenances planted on ex-situ gene conservation in Wanagama Forest Research Station, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, and its effect on pollination mechanisms. Juvenile leaves sampled from any individual of each provenance where isozyme analyses then conducted with vertical polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis procedures based on David-Ornstein method with 3 enzyme systems: SHD, EST and DIA. Standard genetic distance measured following Nei and dendrogram then made following cluster analyses based on UPGMA. Parameters of flowering measured daily on each of 10 selected individual based on Ghazoul and Owens methods. Pollination mechanisms investigated by observing the attractant availability provided by 10 marked individual of each provenance. Observation was then made on plant pollinator interactions: stigmatic contact, pollen load, interplant movement, feeding behavior and visitation rate; that were measured daily based on Ghazoul and Jones and Little methods. Provenances originated from same site performed similar genotypes as well as flowering characters. All of provenances were both protandry dichogamy and heterostyly. Variation on size and color of perigonium were found among provenances between times. Generally, provenances originated from Eastern parts of Indonesia flowered earlier compared to those of central parts of Java, with shorter period as well; while those of Bromo was the latest to flower with the longest period. There were 6 types of 3 orders of insect found to visit flowers: moths, butterflies (Lepidoptera), flies (Diptera), ants, bees and wasps (Hymenoptera). Type of insect and visitation rate depended on flowering phases in term of primary (pollen and nectar) and secondary (color of perigonium and mature anthers) attractants availability. Meanwhile, preference of visitors to visit certain provenances was affected more by secondary attractant.