Permalink : http://hdl.handle.net/2115/59393

KEYWORDS : political appointment;power of administration;autonomy and activity of bureaucracy;institutional and functional development;comparative perspective

A degree of institutional and functional development of the political appointment is determined by the political and administrative conditions. The former is 'strength' of political administration, which includes whether the administration has a substantial power, and how long it lasts, and the latter is autonomy and activity of bureaucracy, which means to what extent the civil servants have discretion on personnel matters and participate in political affairs. The validity of this cause-and-effect relation between the two conditions and the political appointments is confirmed by the examination of political and administrative environment in Japan, the US, the UK and France.