サハリンにおける前オホーツク文化の諸問題

北海道大学総合博物館

北海道大学総合博物館研究報告

The sites of Yuzhnaya 2, Kedrinka, Baklan and Pavlovka, very similar to each other, were discovered in 1985-1989 in southeast of Sakhalin. The Aniwa culture, dated back by 14C to 2, 710-2, 250 BP was distinguished. Supposedly, its calendar (calibrated) age should be about 500-300 BC. A complex of this culture is characterized by such features as: * a concentrated structure of the settlements at maritime sites; * subterranean type of pit dwellings of oval shape; * earth walls of houses coated with white c1ay; * fireplaces with circles of stones; * flat bottom vessels decorated by the typical Jomon pattern (oblique rope impressions), apertures on the rim, and horizontal string impressions (Aniwa type); * stone industry based on the utilization of obsidian as a main raw material for tool manufacturing; * stemmed knives and trapezoid scrapers, one angle pointed. By the complex of these features the Aniwa culture is very close to the Hokkaido cultures of Epi Jomon, and this makes us think it to be the most northern branch. The appearance of the Epi Jomon in Sakhalin is the archaeological reflection of the movement of the Paleo-Ainu tribes to the North Aniwa type pottery is different from that Epi Jomon pottery which was found in the southwest and in the middle south of Sakhalin island. The problems of the origin of Susuya pottery and of the connections between Susuya and the Epi Jomon people came into existence since the Susuya type pottery was distinguished by Professor lto Nobuo. In the 1930s and also in the 1980s and 90s some sites of Epi Jomon origin were discovered. The author proves Susuya to be a separate archaeological culture which played a role of the cultural fundament of the Okhotsk cultures, appearing in the 1st millennium AD. The Aniwa culture was distinguished as a variant of the Epi Jomon on the basis of new information in the 1980s and 90s. It is supposed that during that period different cultural groups of Epi Jomon societies were penetrating Sakhalin from the south and settled there. According to the calibrated radiocarbon dates, the peak of migration was about 5th to 2nd centuries BC. We noticed that the complexes of Susuya and Epi Jomon are situated in the same archaeological layers. It is supposed that within the ear1y Susuya time (5th to 2nd centuries BC) these two cultures coexisted in southern Sakhalin. North Sakhalin culture population (Nabil' type) was neighbor to the latter, seeing very similar to the culture of Susuya.