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19世紀末から20世紀初頭に記録された台湾オーストロネシア諸語の「汝ノ名ハ誰カ」
落合, いずみ
Permalink : http://hdl.handle.net/2115/91284
JaLCDOI : 10.14943/Jais.4.147
KEYWORDS : 台湾オーストロネシア諸語;誰;名前;Formosan languages;who;name
Abstract
19世紀末から20世紀初頭にかけての台湾オーストロネシア諸語の初期の資料において、「あなたの名前は何ですか」を表す表現を検討した。その結果、疑問詞として「誰」を用いた「あなたの名前が『誰』ですか」と表現する言語が14の言語に見られた（「誰」型と呼ぶ）。この他「あなたの名前は何ですか」と疑問詞に「何」を用いる表現（「何」型）はツォウ語、パゼッヘ語に見られたが、パゼッヘ語には「誰」型も見られた。そして、サオ語とブヌン語では「あなたの名前はどのよう（に言われる）」というように疑問詞「どのように」を用いる表現（「どのように」型）も見られたが、これもブヌン語では「誰」型と並行して用いられた。本来、台湾オーストロネシア諸語において全般的に「あなたの名前は何ですか」を表す表現は「誰」型であったが、いくつかの言語において「何」型に移行し、ブヌン語では一部方言を除き19世紀末から20世紀初めまでに「どのように」型に移行したと考えられる。そしてその移行の動機は漢語などの翻訳借用に求められるだろう。「あなたの名前は『誰』ですか」と類似の疑問文として「あなたは誰ですか」という表現があるが、これら2つの疑問文に対する回答は同一になる。
This paper investigated the expression “What is your name?” in the early documents related to Formosan languages (Austronesian) recorded in the late 19th century to the early 20th century. As a result, fourteen languages (Atayal, Seediq, Basay, Kavalan, Amis, Puyuma, Paiwan, Bunun, Saisiyat, Pazih, Taokas, Babuza, Papora, and Hoanya) were observed to use an interrogative meaning “who” (“who” type). Thus, the expression means “Who is your name?” Two languages, Tsou and Pazih, uses “what” (“what” type); however, Pazih also has a “who” type. Two other languages, Thao and Bunun, use “how” (“how” type), with the expression “How is your name (called)?” However, Bunun also has “who” type. These observations indicate that the original expression in Formosan languages was the “who” type, and this shifted to the “what” type or “how” type in a few languages. These shifts may have been triggered by a calque of the expressions in Chinese dialects, which use interrogatives “what” or “how” when asking a person’s name. The original expression “Who is your name?” invites the same answer as the question “Who are you?” The idea behind this is that a name represents identity (“who”). The expression “Who is your name” is likely based on this cultural and linguistic background shared by the Formosan people.
This paper investigated the expression “What is your name?” in the early documents related to Formosan languages (Austronesian) recorded in the late 19th century to the early 20th century. As a result, fourteen languages (Atayal, Seediq, Basay, Kavalan, Amis, Puyuma, Paiwan, Bunun, Saisiyat, Pazih, Taokas, Babuza, Papora, and Hoanya) were observed to use an interrogative meaning “who” (“who” type). Thus, the expression means “Who is your name?” Two languages, Tsou and Pazih, uses “what” (“what” type); however, Pazih also has a “who” type. Two other languages, Thao and Bunun, use “how” (“how” type), with the expression “How is your name (called)?” However, Bunun also has “who” type. These observations indicate that the original expression in Formosan languages was the “who” type, and this shifted to the “what” type or “how” type in a few languages. These shifts may have been triggered by a calque of the expressions in Chinese dialects, which use interrogatives “what” or “how” when asking a person’s name. The original expression “Who is your name?” invites the same answer as the question “Who are you?” The idea behind this is that a name represents identity (“who”). The expression “Who is your name” is likely based on this cultural and linguistic background shared by the Formosan people.
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