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しないに越したことはない : 超義務と亜義務の倫理学

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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:https://doi.org/10.14943/ouyourin.15.15

Title: しないに越したことはない : 超義務と亜義務の倫理学
Authors: 浦野, 敬介 Browse this author
石田, 柊 Browse this author →KAKEN DB
Issue Date: 31-Mar-2024
Publisher: 北海道大学大学院文学研究院応用倫理・応用哲学研究教育センター
Journal Title: 応用倫理
Volume: 15
Start Page: 15
End Page: 32
Abstract: 本論文では、超義務(supererogation) つまり望ましいが義務的でない行為と、亜義務(suberogation)つまり望ましくないが禁止されない行為について、規範的性質を詳しく検討する。まず、いわゆる「超義務のパラドックス」を構成する命題を一つ一つ明らかにし、超義務という考え方のどこに規範倫理学的な問題があるかを示す。次に、「超義務のパラドックス」に対する既存の哲学的見解の難点を示す。第三に、超義務には異なる二つの種類があると提案した上で、それぞれが道徳的に求められない理由を次のように区別して主張する。少額の募金のような超義務(慈恵型超義務)は、道徳的価値が小さすぎるため道徳的に求められない。これに対して、命懸けの人命救助のような超義務(英雄型超義務)は、我々の通常の行為選択肢に含まれず、義務論的地位そのものを欠く。最後に、これまでの議論を亜義務に応用し、この種の行為についての理解を深めたい。小さな報復のような「しないに越したことがない」行為(非行型亜義務)は、道徳的な悪さが小さすぎるため道徳的に禁じられない。これに対して、ジェノサイドなどあまりに悪すぎる行為(極悪型亜義務)は、我々の行為選択肢に含まれないため義務論的地位そのものを欠く。
This article discusses the normative features of supererogation, i.e., desirable but nonobligatory acts, and suberogation, i.e., undesirable but unprohibited acts. First, we elaborate on the so-called “paradox” of supererogation by disentangling the premises that constitute this normative-ethical problem. Subsequently, we examine two existing arguments to dissolve this paradox and demonstrate how both lines fail to capture our understanding of supererogatory acts. Next, we submit that “supererogation” is not a monolithic notion as is often assumed but is made of two subclasses: benevolent supererogation, typically including small favor or donation, and heroic supererogation, whose textbook cases include self-sacrificing lifesaving. After showing how the two subclasses differ in their nature and morality, we suggest that benevolent supererogation is not morally required because its marginal moral value is negligible and that, in contrast, heroic supererogation is not morally required because, given that it is outside the choice of ordinary people, it lacks deontic status itself. Finally, we expand these insights on supererogation to the morality of suberogation, an underexplored theoretical cousin of supererogation. We lay out two subclasses of suberogation: delinquent suberogation, which denotes minor moral badness unworthy of prohibition, and atrocious suberogation, whose paradigmatic cases are extremely evil acts such as genocide. Having this distinction in mind, we argue that delinquent suberogation is not morally forbidden because its surplus moral disvalue is negligible and that, in contrast, atrocious suberogation is not morally forbidden because, given that it is outside the choice of ordinary people, it lacks deontic status itself.
Type: bulletin (article)
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2115/92027
Appears in Collections:応用倫理 > 第15号

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