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100 years Zoraptera : a phantom in insect evolution and the history of its investigation

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Title: 100 years Zoraptera : a phantom in insect evolution and the history of its investigation
Authors: Mashimo, Y. Browse this author
Matsumura, Y. Browse this author
Machida, R. Browse this author
Dallai, R. Browse this author
Gottardo, M. Browse this author
Yoshizawa, K. Browse this author →KAKEN DB
Friedrich, F. Browse this author
Wipfler, B. Browse this author
Beutel, R. G. Browse this author
Keywords: review
Zoraptera
morphology
development
history
phylogeny
Issue Date: 2014
Volume: 45
Issue: 4
Start Page: 371
End Page: 393
Publisher DOI: 10.1163/1876312X-45012110
Abstract: Zoraptera are a cryptic and enigmatic group of insects. The species diversity is lower than in almost all other groups of Hexapoda, but may be distinctly higher than presently known. Several new species were described from different regions recently. The systematic placement was discussed controversially since the group was discovered 100 years ago. Affinities with Isoptera and Psocoptera were discussed in earlier studies. A sister group relationship with Acercaria (Psocodea, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera) was proposed by W. Hennig, for the first time based on a strictly phylogenetic argumentation. More recent studies consistently suggest a placement among the “lower neopteran orders” (Polyneoptera). Close affinities to Dictyoptera were proposed and alternatively a sister group relationship with Embioptera or with Embioptera + Phasmatodea (Eukinolabia), respectively. The precise placement is still controversial and the intraordinal relationships are largely unclear. Recent transcriptome analyses tentatively suggest a clade Zoraptera + Dermaptera as sister group of all other polyneopteran orders. The oldest fossils are from Cretaceous amber. An extinct genus from this era may be the sister group of all the remaining zorapterans. The knowledge of the morphology, development and features related to the reproductive system greatly increased in recent years. The general body morphology is very uniform, whereas the genitalia differ strongly between species. This is likely due to different kinds of selection, i.e. sexual selection in the case of the genital organs. The mating pattern also differs profoundly within the order. A unique external sperm transfer occurs in Zorotypus impolitus. A species-level phylogeny and more investigations of the reproductive system should have high priority.
Type: article (author version)
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2115/57321
Appears in Collections:農学院・農学研究院 (Graduate School of Agriculture / Faculty of Agriculture) > 雑誌発表論文等 (Peer-reviewed Journal Articles, etc)

Submitter: 吉澤 和徳

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