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Essays on Labor Migration, Education and Beliefs
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| Title: | Essays on Labor Migration, Education and Beliefs |
| Other Titles: | 労働移民・教育および信念 |
| Authors: | 山田, 大地 Browse this author |
| Issue Date: | 25-Dec-2018 |
| Publisher: | Hokkaido University |
| Abstract: | This dissertation aims to examine the relationships between labor migration and individuals' and households' behaviors and beliefs with focus on education investment decisions, future migration prospects, remittances and political attitudes. Recently, labor migration across borders has accelerated. High-income developed countries attract labor from low- and middle-income developing countries, and international labor migration has become one of the main income sources for households in developing countries. The literature widely discusses how the money flow and the migration opportunities affect the behaviors of individuals and households in developing countries, which would ultimately related to development in these countries. The literature also pays attention to the roles of information flow associated with human mobility in forming individuals' beliefs, views and attitudes toward economy and politics.
In Chapter 2, the author focuses on labor migration and education investment for children in a migrant sending-country under the assumption of negative selection migration, a circumstance where the migration destination does not reward migrants' education highly and unskilled workers tend to migrate. The author constructs a theoretical model that simultaneously examines the roles of parental remittances and the prospects of children's future migration. Parental migration and remittances can encourage education investment in children in the home country, whereas the prospect of future migration can reduce education incentives in a negative selection circumstance.
Simultaneous modeling of these two effects are necessary to derive implication of negative selection migration as they potentially have opposing effects. The author shows that the effect of future migration prospects would outweigh the effect of parental migration and make the overall effect negative if the quality of education is low, a condition which intuitively matches the circumstance in a developing country.
In Chapter 3, the author empirically examines the theoretical implications from Chapter 2, using data from Tajikistan, a former Soviet Union country located in Central Asia and one of the most migrant-dependent countries. Referencing the immigration policy change in Russia, the main migration destination for migrants from Tajikistan, the author aims to identify the effect of migration prospects, which are unobservable, and the effect of parental migration, which can be endogenous. The levels of education investment are measured by education attainment among male in this chapter. The results show that parental migration encourages education investment; that the prospect reduces it; and that the overall effect of migration is negative. These findings support the pessimistic view in the theoretical discussion and exemplify the adverse consequences of labor migration.
Chapter 4 also examines the effects of labor migration on education investment in Tajikistan, but with focus on parental migration and educational gender gap. While remittances from migrating parents can encourage education investment, as is discussed above, parental migration can have side-effects that potentially reduce education investment. For example, parental absence during the migration episodes can reduce investment in children's education by compelling them to engage in household labor or reducing the level of home education. Moreover, because of gender division of labor and related discrimination, the degrees of these potentially positive and negative effects of parental migration — and the overall effect of parental migration as a consequence — can vary by children's gender. Using data from Tajikistan and focusing on non-compulsory secondary education, the author shows that parental migration does not affect enrollment among male children but reduces that among female children through the aforementioned side-effects. This contributes to the widening of gender gap in education, a problem that has been prevalent in Tajikistan since its independence.
Finally, Chapter 5 shifts the focus to political and economic transitions in former communist countries in Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, and examines the effects of sending emigrants and receiving immigrants on grass-root support for transition. Since the dissolution of the East Bloc, the progress in transitions and individual support for them have varied. The literature recognizes the roles of labor migration and associated information flow in promoting grass-root support for democracy in developing countries. However, these roles in transition countries have not been extensively explored. Using data covering 27 transition countries and three points of time, 2006, 2010 and 2016, the author shows that sending emigrants, particularly to Western Europe, fosters support for a market economy, but that receiving immigrants impedes support for a market economy and democracy. The positive effect of emigration is consistent with the role of information flows from the West. On the other hand, the negative effect of immigration suggests that economic pressures by immigrants develop anti-immigrant views, the desire for governmental intervention, and support for authoritarian regimes. |
| Conffering University: | 北海道大学 |
| Degree Report Number: | 甲第13372号 |
| Degree Level: | 博士 |
| Degree Discipline: | 経済学 |
| Examination Committee Members: | (主査) 教授 板谷 淳一, 教授 安部 由起子, 准教授 樋渡 雅人 |
| Degree Affiliation: | 経済学研究科（現代経済経営専攻） |
| Type: | theses (doctoral) |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/2115/91039 |
| Appears in Collections: | 課程博士 (Doctorate by way of Advanced Course) > 経済学院(Graduate School of Economics and Business)
学位論文 (Theses) > 博士 （経済学）
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