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Evaluation of reduction efficiencies of pepper mild mottle virus and human enteric viruses in full-scale drinking water treatment plants employing coagulation-sedimentation-rapid sand filtration or coagulation-microfiltration
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| Title: | Evaluation of reduction efficiencies of pepper mild mottle virus and human enteric viruses in full-scale drinking water treatment plants employing coagulation-sedimentation-rapid sand filtration or coagulation-microfiltration |
| Authors: | Shirakawa, D. Browse this author | | Shirasaki, N. Browse this author →KAKEN DB | | Matsushita, T. Browse this author | | Matsui, Y. Browse this author →KAKEN DB | | Yamashita, R. Browse this author | | Matsumura, T. Browse this author | | Koriki, S. Browse this author |
| Keywords: | Coagulation | | Microfiltration | | Pepper mild mottle virus | | Quantitative real-time PCR | | Rapid sand filtration | | Virus concentration method |
| Issue Date: | 15-Apr-2022 |
| Publisher: | Elsevier |
| Journal Title: | Water research |
| Volume: | 213 |
| Start Page: | 118160 |
| Publisher DOI: | 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118160 |
| Abstract: | Here, we evaluated the reduction efficiencies of indigenous pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV, a potential surrogate for human enteric viruses to assess virus removal by coagulation-sedimentation-rapid sand filtration [CS-RSF] and coagulation-microfiltration [C-MF]) and representative human enteric viruses in four full-scale drinking water treatment plants that use CS-RSF (Plants A and B) or C-MF (Plants C and D). First, we developed a virus concentration method by using an electropositive filter and a tangential-flow ultrafiltration membrane to effectively concentrate and recover PMMoV from large volumes of water: the recovery rates of PMMoV were 100% when 100-L samples of PMMoV-spiked dechlorinated tap water were concentrated to 20 mL; even when spiked water volume was 2000 L, recovery rates of >30% were maintained. The concentrations of indigenous PMMoV in raw and treated water samples determined by using this method were always above the quantification limit of the real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. We therefore were able to determine its reduction ratios: 0.9-2.7-log(10) in full-scale CS-RSF and 0.7-2.9-log(10) in full-scale C-MF. The PMMoV reduction ratios in C-MF at Plant C (1.0 +/- 0.3-log(10)) were lower than those in CS-RSF at Plants A (1.7 +/- 0.5-log(10)) and B (1.4 +/- 0.7-log(10)), despite the higher ability of MF for particle separation in comparison with RSF owing to the small pore size in MF. Lab-scale virus-spiking C-MF experiments that mimicked full-scale C-MF revealed that a low dosage of coagulant (polyaluminum chloride [PACl]) applied in C-MF, which is determined mainly from the viewpoint of preventing membrane fouling, probably led to the low reduction ratios of PMMoV in C-MF. This implies that high virus reduction ratios (>4-log(10)) achieved in previous lab-scale virus-spiking C-MF studies are not necessarily achieved in full-scale C-MF. The PMMoV reduction ratios in C-MF at Plant D (2.2 +/- 0.6-log(10)) were higher than those at Plant C, despite similar coagulant dosages. In lab-scale C-MF, the PMMoV reduction ratios increased from 1-log(10) (with PACl [basicity 1.5], as at Plant C) to 2-4-log(10) (with high-basicity PACl [basicity 2.1], as at Plant D), suggesting that the use of high-basicity PACl probably resulted in higher reduction ratios of PMMoV at Plant D than at Plant C. Finally, we compared the reduction ratios of indigenous PMMoV and representative human enteric viruses in full-scale CS-RSF and C-MF. At Plant D, the concentrations of human norovirus genogroup II (HuNoV GII) in raw water were sometimes above the quantification limit; however, whether its reduction ratios in C-MF were higher than those of PMMoV could not be judged since reduction ratios were >1.4-log(10) for HuNoV GII and 2.3-2.9-log(10) for PMMoV. At Plant B, the concentrations of enteroviruses (EVs) and HuNoV GII in raw water were above the quantification limit on one occasion, and the reduction ratios of EVs (>1.2-log(10)) and HuNoV GII (>1.5-log(10)) in CS-RSF were higher than that of PMMoV (0.9-log(10)). This finding supports the usefulness of PMMoV as a potential surrogate for human enteric viruses to assess virus removal by CS-RSF. |
| Rights: | © <2022>. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ | | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
| Type: | article (author version) |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/2115/91111 |
| Appears in Collections: | 工学院・工学研究院 (Graduate School of Engineering / Faculty of Engineering) > 雑誌発表論文等 (Peer-reviewed Journal Articles, etc)
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Submitter: 白崎 伸隆
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